TD-Department of Psychology (MST)

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Open Access
The Influence of Self-Discipline on Forms of Anger Expression among Adolescents in Selected Secondary Schools in Ruiru Sub County, Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-10-07) Gicharu, Mercy Wairimu
Self-discipline is the ability to control one’s feelings and overcome personal weaknesses. On the other hand, how one deals with the feeling of anger by either bottling it up, physically or verbally venting it out, or expressing it with respect to other people’s rights is referred to as anger expression. Globally, adolescents have been reported to have higher rates of negative anger expression and low self-discipline. In Kenya, burning of schools by adolescents has been a common way of venting out anger which is a result of indiscipline. Therefore, this study focused on assessing the influence of self-discipline on anger expression among adolescents in selected secondary schools in Ruiru Sub-county Kiambu County Kenya. The study aimed to assess the social demographics of adolescents, evaluate their levels of self-discipline, examine their forms of anger expression, analyze gender differences in anger expression, and explore the relationship between self-discipline and anger expression among adolescents. Cognitive behavioral theory and attachment theories were employed to determine effect of self-discipline, parental attachment in effect to adolescents’ anger expression. The research adopted cross-sectional convergent mixed method research design. Using a random number generator, 3 public secondary schools were selected, that is Ruiru Girls, Ruiru Boys and Uhuru Kenyatta Secondary School, and 424 students sampled using stratified random sampling. A self-reported structured questionnaire was used that consisted of: socio-demographic questions, adolescent attachment to parent’s questionnaire, anger expression scale and personal self-discipline survey. Qualitative data through Key Informant Interviews were gathered from a total of 15 teachers, with 5 teachers selected from each school. These interviews sought to capture the teachers' perspectives on self-discipline and anger expression among the adolescents. Ethical approval was obtained from PAC University, NACOSTI, Ministry of Education in Ruiru Sub County and secondary school principals. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 26 which entailed descriptive statistics and Spearman rho correlation. Qualitative information was coded and themes derived. Data was presented in the form of tables, graphs, pie charts and conclusions drawn. The average age was 16.61±1.37 years with males being 54.5%. Slightly more than half, that is, 52.6%, lived with both parents. Students who reported that their parents were not frequently involved with their school activities were 31.6%. The overall score of adolescent’s attachment to parents was 3.64±0.48, indicating moderate attachment. The mean personal self-discipline score was 3.69±0.46, which meant that the adolescents were somewhat disciplined. Only 47% completed school assignments on time. Based on anger expression scale, anger-out scored the least (2.19±0.46), followed by anger in (2.32±0.51) and highest score was anger control 2.59±0.72 showing that the adolescents controlled their anger frequently. It was seen that 24% stroked out when angry at whatever infuriates them. In regards to gender difference, 20% females unlike 24% males were often aggressive. However, external factors such as institutions or fear of authority had greater influence than gender. There was a negative significant relationship between self-discipline and anger expression (r=-0.189, p<0.01) indicating high self-discipline is associated with low anger expression. Based on qualitative data, teachers indicated that strengthening guidance and counseling, life skills programs and favorable accommodative environments will enable students to have high self-discipline and express their anger assertively. Regular assessment of the students’ psychosocial state and personality inclinations is one of the recommendations the study suggests to improve the students’ anger expressions. This study will benefit families and schools in informing the need for self-discipline as a tool to enhance proper anger expression in adolescents.
Open Access
Emotional Intelligence as A Predictor of Academic Stress Among Adolescents in Selected Public Mixed Day Secondary Schools in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-15) MARY WANJIRU GITONGA
The exponential growth of modernity in this era presents a challenge for adolescents, as it increases academic stress levels. This study examined whether emotional intelligence is a predictor of academic stress among adolescents in selected public mixed day secondary schools in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: find out whether self- awareness influences academic stress among adolescents. To investigate the effect of self-management on academic stress among adolescents, to establish the influence of social-awareness on academic stress among adolescents and to determine the effect of social skills on academic stress among adolescents in selected public mixed day secondary schools in Kasarani sub-county. Goleman's (1995) Emotional Intelligence Model was used as the theoretical framework for the study. A quantitative ex-post facto research design was used. The target population was 7177 adolescents aged between 13-19 years from selected public mixed day secondary schools in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi City County. A sample size of was 368 determined using Krejcie and Morgan (1970). The instruments used to collect data were adapted questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26. The findings of the study was that emotional intelligence contributes to academic stress and in particular self-management. Self-awareness demonstrated a weak negative correlation (r=.-.130, p=.022) null hypothesis (HO1 which stated that there was no relationship between self-awareness and academic stress) was rejected. Self-management demonstrated a weak negative correlation (r= -.218, p=.000) the null hypothesis (H02) was rejected which stated that there was no relationship between self- management and academic stress as the results showed that there was a relationship. The null hypothesis (H03) was rejected as data showed a weak, negative relationship between the two variables (r = - .218, n = 324, p < .05) but the results indicated there was a relationship. The null hypothesis (HO4) was accepted as the results demonstrated a weak negative correlation (r= -.058, p=.330) but showed there was no significant relationship as 0.330 was more than 0.05. The findings would add value to Counselling Psychology since the results indicate that self-management contributes to academic stress, counsellors need to emphasis that while dealing with students. Marriage and Family therapists need to talk to parents who have children in school to talk to their children on improving self-management skills. The government as well should include self-management skills in school curriculum since the results indicated that self-management contributes to academic stress. From the findings of this study self-management contributed significantly to academic stress and therefore it is recommended that schools should focus on measures to enhance self-management in order to reduce academic stress.
Open Access
The Influence of Poor Communication on Domestic Violence Among Couples of The Presbyterian Church, Umoja Parish, Nairobi, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-15) MARY NJERI WAHOME
Domestic violence has been a concern for the government, community, professionals, the church, and marriage and family therapists. Empirical studies have linked poor communication to domestic violence. The study aimed to investigate the influence of poor communication on domestic violence among couples, with a specific focus on Presbyterian Church East Africa (PCEA) Umoja Parish in Nairobi, Kenya. The research examined how aggressive communication influenced domestic violence among couples, established the influence of manipulative communication on domestic violence, evaluated the influence of passive communication on domestic violence among couples, and assessed intervention measures that could mitigate the influence of poor communication on domestic violence among couples. The research was grounded on Gottman's Theory and the Social Exchange Theory, providing a comprehensive framework to understand the dynamics between communication and domestic violence. To achieve a holistic understanding, the study adopted a convergent-parallel mixed method design. The sample size comprised 212 married couples of PCEA Umoja Parish, selected through a simple random sampling technique. Informed consent was obtained from the respondents prior to data collection. Data was collected using both five-scale Likert questionnaires and in-depth informant interviews. Quantitative data was analysed using correlation and regression techniques while qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis technique. Aggressive communication was found to have significant correlations with emotional violence (r=.619, p<.01), physical violence (r=.481, p<.01), and sexual violence (r=.176, p<.05), while showing no significant correlation with economic violence. Additionally, aggressive communication predicted physical violence (β=.504, p < .05), emotional violence (β=.574, p < .05), sexual violence (β=.237, p<.05), and economic violence (β=.228, p < .05). Manipulative communication correlated significantly with physical violence (r = .310, p < .01) and emotional violence (r = .388, p < .01), but not sexual or economic violence. Passive communication was significantly correlated with physical violence (r=.340, p<.01), emotional violence (r=.647, p<.01), sexual violence (r=.321, p<.01), and economic violence (r=.289, p<.01), with regression analyses indicating it significantly predicted all forms of violence. The interaction between poor communication and mitigation measures moderated the effect of poor communication on domestic violence (β = -1.211, p < .01), highlighting the importance of sustainable intervention measures, while qualitative data underscored the detrimental effects of conflict avoidance and emphasized the importance of addressing issues directly and openly to maintain emotional closeness. Effective communication and conflict resolution skills are essential for preventing and mitigating domestic violence, emphasizing the need for interventions targeting communication dynamics within couples to foster relational well-being and reduce instances of violence. This study has significance for the academia, marriage and family therapists, policymakers, educators, Christian community in Kenya, clergy, church counselors, and Christian leaders
Open Access
Effect of Youth HIV and Aids Disclosure on Family at The Comprehensive Care Clinic in Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Winnie Mwikali Kyalo
Opening up about one’s HIV and AIDS status to friends and family has proven to be beneficial in the overall health of an individual. However, the process of disclosure brings an unbalance in the family as they try to adjust to this new reality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of youth HIV and AIDS disclosure on the family in the Comprehensive Care Clinic in Kenyatta National Hospital. The objectives focused on: the reasons for youth disclosure or non-disclosure to the family, to identify the family status disclosure outcomes to the youth’s HIV and AIDS status disclosure, the coping strategies implemented when status disclosure occurs, and the counselling needs that arise in the family post-disclosure. The communication privacy movement theory was used to explore how the family navigates youth’s HIV and AIDS status disclosure. The descriptive design was used in exploring the disclosure indicators, the family status disclosure outcomes, the coping strategies, and counselling needs that arose in the family post-disclosure. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used for the descriptive research design. For the purpose of the study, the target population consisted of 9,500 youths, with a sample size of 384 respondents. The sample was determined using Cochran’s formula and purposive nonprobability sampling technique was used, where data from the youth was collected using indepth interviews and a questionnaire. The data was analysed and presented using frequency distributions, tables and charts using the SPSS version 28.1. The Spearman’s coefficient correlation was used to assess the monotonic relationship between the youth HIV and AIDS status disclosure, and the effect it had on the family variables of the study, which was calculated using SPSS 28.1. The study found that the youth were more inclined to disclosure, if they are aware that the family will love them unconditionally despite finding out their HIV and AIDS status. The study concluded that fear of rejection due to the societal worldview, and the kind of relationship the youth has with their family influenced the youth HIV and AIDS status disclosure decision. The youth emphasized that the way their family receives the news of their HIV and AIDS positive status determines how they navigate and find ways to live with this new reality. The study demonstrated that family members can play an important role in helping the youth make appropriate life decisions to make room for their positive HIV and AIDS status. It was recommended by the study that the disclosing youth and their families need to have the appropriate resources, to help address the relational issues that presented post-disclosure. The study is significant to health care providers and also to the families to holistically equip them with the necessary tools to develop healthy coping strategies post-disclosure.
Open Access
Influence Of Covid-19 Pandemic Psychoeconomic Aftermath and Families Characteristics on Family Functioning in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Redempta Kaluki Kamati
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of COVID-19 pandemic psych economic aftermaths and families’ characteristics on family functioning in Kasarani Subcounty, Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study aimed to establish how social isolation due to Covid-19 pandemic aftermaths influenced family functioning in Kasarani Sub County in Nairobi County, to assess how lost income due to the Covid-19 pandemic aftermaths influenced the families' functioning in Kasarani-Sub County in Nairobi County, to examine the extent to which poor mental health due to Covid-19 pandemic aftermaths influenced family functioning in Kasarani Sub County in Nairobi County, and to determine the extent to which family characteristics moderated psycho-economic Covid-19 pandemic aftermaths on family functioning in Kasarani Sub-County in Nairobi County. The overarching research question was: what COVID-19 pandemic psych economic aftermaths, and families’ characteristics affect family functioning in Kasarani Sub-county, Nairobi County, Kenya? The study was anchored on the theory of Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. The target population was 2000 families in Kasarani Sub County, Nairobi. The sample size was 334participants selected through snowball sampling technique. Structured questionnaires wereused to gather data. Reliability analysis of the pilot test confirmed that the questionnaire was highly reliable (>.07). Subsequently, percentage frequencies, mean and standard deviation scores as well as correlation and regression analysis was carried out using SPSS version 23. The results indicated a significant negative correlation between social isolation and family functioning, suggesting that increased social isolation was associated with poorer family functioning (r = -.136, p < .05). A negative but statistically insignificant correlation was found between lost income and family functioning (r=-.109, p>.05). A negative but statistically insignificant correlation was also found between Covid-19 related poor mental health and family functioning (r=-.064, p>.05). The relationship between psycho-economic COVID-19 aftermath and family functioning was not moderated by family characteristics, β = -.098, t (2) = -.935, p = >.05. The study concluded that social isolation, lost income, and poor mental health from the pandemic had significant effects on families, necessitating interventions. However, no clear moderating role of family characteristics was observed between these factors and family functioning, highlighting the complexity of family dynamics amid pandemic challenges. The study recommended that marriage and family therapists should provide comprehensive support tailored to the unique needs of families affected by the COVID-19 pandemic aftermaths. Religious organizations should also play a vital role in supporting families facing economic and mental health challenges by prioritizing family-centred approaches and fostering collaboration with healthcare providers, social services, and local organizations. A similar study can be replicated within a rural setting for comparison purposes.
Open Access
Effect of Parenting Styles on Adolescents’ Identity Styles: A Case of Selected Public Secondary Schools in Westlands Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya.
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Elizabeth Wangeshi M. Njenga
Adolescence is a crucial period marked by significant psychological and social development, particularly in identity formation. Berzonsky’s identity model suggests each individual employs different identity styles and each style can have implications on psychological well-being and adjustment. One influential factor in this process is parenting style, which encompasses parental behaviors, attitudes, and strategies in child-rearing. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting, permissive parenting and parental attachment on adolescents’ identity styles. Baumarind’s theory of parenting styles and Berzonsky’s identity styles model anchored the study. The research was a quantitative study with descriptive data acquired via survey methodology. The sample size was 408 male and female participants, aged between 15 and 19. The data collection instruments used were questionnaires; Perceived Parenting Styles Scale used to measure parenting styles, the Inventory of Parents and Peers Attachment (IPPA) used to measure parental attachment and Identity Styles Inventory (ISI-5) used to measure Identity styles. The mean, standard deviation, and range of scores for all independent and dependent variables were calculated using descriptive statistics. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to measure association between variables, and assumptions of regression analysis was done prior to regression analysis to check for its suitability. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between variables. IBM SPSS Version 28 was used to analyse the data. The results indicated that normative (β = 0.220, p = 0.000) and informative (β = 0.096, p = 0.048) identity styles and authoritative parenting styles were positively correlated. The diffuse avoidant identity style was positively and significantly correlated with authoritarian parenting styles (β = 0.144, p = 0.002). Only the diffuse avoidant identity style was considerably enhanced by permissive parenting (β = 0.217, p = 0.000). Parental attachment to normative identity styles (β = -0.128, p = 0.000) and informative identity styles (β = 0.091, p = 0.001) were found to have a positive and significant association. The study implications are that effective parenting styles can be adopted to help adolescents develop and make better and informed decisions. These results could be useful to youth workers, family therapists, parents and caregivers, by providing insight into the psychological processes underlying adolescent decision-making. No harm was inflicted while conducting the research because all ethical guidelines were observed. Participants in the research consented to participate, and confidentiality was upheld.
Open Access
Influence of Parental Heritage on Marital Stability: A Case of Married Individuals in Deliverance Church International-Kasarani Sub-County, Kenya.
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Kimani Jacinta Wanjiku
An individual’s experience in early childhood has far-reaching implications on the life outcomes in later adulthood, including marital life. This study focused on parental heritage and its impact on the development process of offspring’s marital stability. Specifically, the study aimed at: assessing the effect of the parent-child relationship on offspring’s marital stability; examining the effect of parents’ values on marital stability; assessing the effects of the relationship quality of parents on marital stability and establishing the intervening role of Pre-Marital Counselling (PMC) on the relationship between parental heritage, marital stability commitment and the bonding of married individuals for marital stability. These dimensions include: the parent-child relationship, parents’ relationship quality and parent’s value while assessing the intervening aspect of the Pre-Marital Counseling-PMC programs. The study was carried out among the married individuals in Deliverance Churches International-Kenya (DCI-K), Kasarani Sub-county - Nairobi-Kenya. Attachment theory was applied to explain the nexus between parental heritage and marital stability. The research took a post-positivist lens and the descriptive research design where concurrent mixed method was used in data collection. The target population was 10% of married congregants’ population of the 22 local church assemblies in Kasarani Sub- County. A total of 340 respondents were selected through stratified sampling method. Data was collected using questionnaire and key informant interview guide and analyzed using descriptive statistics in (SPSS 28.0) version and synthesis of thematic areas from qualitative data. The study revealed that parent-child relationship discreetly impacts marital stability, evidenced by a Pearson correlation of 0.154 and a significance level of 0.006. Additionally, a strong positive correlation of 0.7 between parents' values and marital stability was detected, with a noteworthy p-value of 0.001 which indicated a significant influence of parental values. The quality of parents' relationship also showed a moderately strong correlation with marital stability, marked by a coefficient of 0.583 and a p-value of 0.001, underscoring the role of parental relationship quality. Furthermore, qualitative data highlighted that PMC’s critical role in bolstering marital stability by intervening on the effects of parental heritage, particularly through readiness for marital challenges, conflict resolution skills, and as a foundational factor for emotional connection and self-awareness. The study findings inform the development and enrichment of the parental, marital, and pre-marital programs in churches, institutions, and in therapy practice to strengthen families and marriages.
Open Access
The Relationship Between Coping Mechanisms and Mental Wellbeing: A Case of Widows in Kasarani Sub-County of Nairobi County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Salome Wambui Kungu
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping mechanisms and mental wellbeing among widows in Kasarani Sub-County of Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to identify coping mechanisms among widows in Kasarani Sub-County, to investigate the relationship between coping mechanisms and the mental wellbeing among widows in Kasarani Sub-County, and to determine the perception of social support among widows in Kasarani Sub-County. Coping Circumplex Model was used as the theoretical framework. The research adopted correlational research design. The target population was 11,018 widows from across the five wards in Kasarani Sub-County namely: Mwiki, Ruai, Njiru, Clay-City, and Kasarani. A sample of 112 widows were selected using snowball sampling method. Data was gathered using a structured questionnaire with closed-ended and open-ended questions adapted from Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and Ways of Coping Questionnaire developed by Lazarus and Folkman (1984). Informed consent was obtained prior questionnaire administration. Closed-ended questions were processed in SPSS version 25 where mean and the standard deviation scores as well as correlation and regression analysis was performed. Open-ended sections were analysed using thematic analysis method. Results showed that Widows in Kasarani Constituency exhibited moderately high tendency towards solution focused coping (x̅=3.48, σ = 1.581), followed by emotion-focused coping (x̅=3.34, σx = 1.284), while engagement in problem-focused coping was notably the least (x̅=2.41, σx = 1.503). Negative emotion-focused coping significantly correlated with worsened mental health (r=-.765, p<.01), while limited engagement in problem-focused coping was associated with decreased mental well-being (r=-.533, p<.01). The correlation of mental wellbeing with solution-focused coping was positive but statistically insignificant (r=.078, p>.05). Regression analysis indicated that coping mechanisms significantly influenced widows' mental well-being (R2=.692, p<.01), with emotion focused coping having the highest impact (β=-.616, p=.003), followed by problem focused coping (β=-.391, p=.053), and solution-focused coping having the least effect size (β=-.162, p=.370). Descriptive analysis yielded low mean scores for perceived community support (x̅=2.59, σx =1.734, N=111), perceived employer support (x̅=2.66, σx =1.766), and societal attitudes towards widowhood (x̅=2.35, σx =1.553), with respondents expressing dissatisfaction with available services (x̅=2.25, σx =1.609), infrequent assistance from community organizations (x̅=2.23, σx =1.388), inadequate understanding of their needs by social service agencies (x̅=2.04, σx =1.446), and limited support from family and friends (x̅=1.95, σx =1.268). The study has underscored the critical need for interventions targeting negative emotion-focused and problem-focused coping to enhance the mental well-being of widows in the community, providing valuable insights for tailored support programs. By offering tailored interventions that target maladaptive emotional coping, therapists can help widows develop healthier coping strategies and build emotional resilience in the face of loss. Policymakers should utilize these findings to advocate for policy changes and institutional reforms aimed at addressing societal attitudes towards widowhood. Future research should shift attention to the lived experience of widowers.
Open Access
Influence Of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Among Clients in Selected Rehabilitation Centres in Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Maurifixiten Kamau Njuru
The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of Adverse Childhood Experience (ACEs) on alcohol and drug abuse among clients in selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County Kenya. The objectives were: to find out the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences among ADA (alcohol and drugs) clients in selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County; to determine the influence of physical abuse during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse; to evaluate the influence of emotional neglect during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse; to establish the influence of sexual abuse during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse; and to find out the influence of parental separation during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse among clients; and finally, to find out sustainable measurers that would help mitigate the prevalence of ACEs among clients in selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County, Kenya. A sample size of 181 clients was selected using Krejcie and Morgan sampling formula (1970) from a total population of 355 clients in the 13 registered rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 5 Lead Counselors and 5 Psychiatric Physicians in the five selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County. The Attachment Theory and the Psychoanalytic Social Theory formed theoretical framework for the study. The study used a descriptive survey research design. Method for data collection included: face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires such as adverse childhood experience questionnaire (ACE-Q). The ACE-Q questionnaire has internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha of 0.7. The study adhered to content validity that aligned with the objectives of the study. The collected data was analyzed using two approaches; quantitative data which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through the aid of SPSS software Version 26.0 while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The researcher adhered to ethical consideration before embarking on the research such as obtaining informed consent from participants. The results of the study indicated that physical abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse and parental separation/divorce correlated positively with alcohol and drug abuse at (r=0.458, p<0.001; r=0.696, p<0.001; r=0.477, p<0.001 and r=0.627, p<0.001 respectively). Moreover, the study established that 34.6% of ADA among clients in selected rehabilitation centers may be attributable to ACEs. The implication is thus ACEs are potent factors that are precursor to alcohol and drug abuse. Therefore, this study recommends an intense awareness of ACEs as a potent cause of ADA. Moreover, counselors in rehabilitation centers be equipped with skills of addressing ACEs. Further studies to be done on the remaining components of ACEs to establish their effects on ADA among clients in rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County, Kenya. The findings of this study may be of benefit to ADA addicts, families of addicts, psychologists, parents and teachers among others.
Open Access
Families On Academic Performance Among Students in Public Mixed Day Secondary Schools in Juja Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Moses Githinji Macharia
The family holds a critical role as a fundamental unit within society which impacts human beings from all dimensions. Negative patterns of parental behavior within functional families can often carry over to their adolescents’ lives. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the influence of dysfunctional families on the academic performance among students in public mixed day public secondary schools in Juja Sub County of Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish the influence of parental separation and divorce on academic performance among students in public mixed day schools in Juja Sub County, determine the influence of parental alcoholism in students’ academic performance in public mixed day secondary schools in Juja Sub County, to evaluate the influence of domestic conflicts on academic achievements of students in public mixed day secondary schools in Juja Sub County and the role of students’ behaviour in the relationship between dysfunctional families and students’ academic performance in public mixed day secondary schools in Juja Sub County. Family Systems Theory and Resilience Theory, was used to examine parenting practices and their impact on adolescent’s development. The study was guided by correlational research design. A sample size of 309respondents was selected, and twenty key informants consisting of 10 principals and 10 guidance and counseling teachers. Purposive sampling was used to select principals and guidance and counseling teachers, stratified sampling was employed to recruit students per school, and simple random sampling was used to recruit participating students per class. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from the respondents, and structured interview guide was used to collect qualitative data from the school principals and counseling and guidance teachers who were the key informants. Quantitative data was analyzed using mean, frequencies, standard deviations, and regression analysis using SPSS v25, while qualitative data was thematically analyzed using Nvivo v12 software. Chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between parental divorce/separation and academic performance (χ² (1) = 5.352, p < .05). Respondents perceived parental alcoholism to minimally influence academic performance (Mean = 1.74, SD = 0.713), with a weak but significant negative correlation (r = -.153, p < .05). There was a low correlation between parental conflict and academic performance (r = -.081, p > .05). Family dysfunction significantly predicted both academic performance (β = -.123, p < .05) and student behaviors (β =.468, p < .01), but the respondents behaviors did not significantly mediate the relationship between family dysfunction and academic performance (β = -.063, p > .05). The key informants ‘interviews supported quantitative findings, emphasizing psychological distress, academic disengagement, financial challenges, and behavioral issues as impacts of family dysfunction. Conclusion was drawn that family dysfunction adversely affected students’ academic performance through psychological distress, though student behaviors played an insignificant role in this relationship. Educators and school administrators should be equipped with training and resources to recognize and support students experiencing difficulties related to parental separation or divorce. Marriage and family therapists can be instrumental in this endeavor. Additional studies could explore in greater detail the precise mechanisms by which parental separation and divorce influence the academic performance among students
Open Access
The Effects of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction Among Married Christians:A Survey of Christ is the Answer Ministries (CITAM) Woodley Assembly, Nairobi, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Korir, Dorcas,C
The overall objective of the study was to investigate the effect of religious practices, beliefs and faith community on the marital satisfaction of married Christians at CITAM Woodley. Three objectives were set. These were; to establish the effect of religious practice on marital satisfaction among married Christians, to explore the effect of religious beliefs on marital satisfaction among married Christians, and to ascertain the effect of belonging to faith community on marital satisfaction among married Christians in CITAM Woodley. Descriptive research and design was employed in this study. The study was guided by the ecological systems theory as postulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979) and a conceptual framework was provided. The target population included all the 520 married Christians at CITAM Woodley. The sample was 104 (52 men and 52 women). Simple random sampling was used to select the sample. It was established that religious practice affected marital satisfaction. Religious beliefs did not affect marital satisfaction. Belonging to Community Faith groups affected marital satisfaction. The recommendations were that Community Faith groups especially those addressing marital issues be encouraged across other Christian communities because they had positive effects on marital satisfaction. Churches should encourage teams and team work in the various ministries in order to ensure that the married Christians get adequate time for resting and for service in activities. Churches should plan for times for service and for breaks. Further research was suggested on circumstances under which religious beliefs affect marital satisfaction and on the effect of the length of practicing religious practices on marital satisfaction.
Open Access
Relationship Between Personality Traits and Aggressive Behaviour Among Female Adolescents in Correctional Institutions in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Chege, Elizabeth
The main purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between personality traits and aggressive behavior among adolescent girls in correctional institutions. The study location was Kirigiti Girls Rehabilitation Centre and Kamae Girls Borstal Institution Kiambu County, Kenya. Specific objectives were to find out the relationship between the caregiver‟s socio-economic status and respondent‟s aggressive behavior, to identify the common forms of aggressive behavior among the respondents and to determine the relationship between personality traits and aggressive behavior. The study was informed by the General Aggression Model. Spearman‟s correlation analysis was used to assess the level of association between personality traits and aggression. Chi-square was used to test if there was any significant difference in the characteristics of Kirigiti and Kamae Girls centers. Simple random sampling technique was used at Kirigiti to sample 61 adolescent girls while census study was done for the 25 girls at Kamae Girls. A structured questionnaire was used to undertake the survey. The study established that there was no significant variation in the composition of the girls in both centers. A very weak correlation existed between socio-economic variables and aggression indicating that socio-economic status does not influence These included family type (r = 0.008, n=86, p=0.945), female caregiver‟s education level (r=-0.133, n=86, p=0.240), male caregiver‟s education level (r = 0.033, n=86, p=0.791), female caregiver‟s source of income (r=-0.021, n=86, p=0.854) and male caregiver‟s source of income (r=0.103, n=86, p=0.396). The personality types presented were extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness. Extraversion had a significant positive correlation with verbal aggression (r=0.282, n=86, p=0.008) implying that the more extraverted a girl was the more verbally aggressive she was likely to be. Findings showed that the girls‟ level of agreeableness was not significantly correlated to the manifestation of physical aggression (r=0.001, n=86, p=0.996). Conscientiousness type did not have a significant relationship with aggression. The correlation analysis showed that emotional stability had a significant negative correlation with physical aggression (r=-0.257, n=86, p=0.017), an indication that emotionally stable girls were less likely to display aggressive behavior. Emotional stability and verbal aggression also had a significant negative correlation (r=-0.241, n=86, p=0.026). Emotional stability also revealed a significant negative correlation with hostility level (r=-0.369, n=86, p<0.001), probably suggesting that emotionally stable girls were likely to be less hostile. The forms of aggression presented in the study are physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility. Findings showed that 54% of the girls were physically aggressive, 52% verbally aggressive, 41% manifested anger aggression, while 64% registered hostility form of aggression, There was no significant difference between the girls in the two centers as far as aggression was concerned. It was recommended that counseling psychologists be brought on board to work together with the juvenile justice system and other stakeholders, in coming up with a family based therapeutic approach that can be tailored to meet the unique needs of the girls and their caregivers. Further research could be conducted establishing the relationship between personality traits, family and other contextual factors and aggressive behavior among adolescent girls.
Open Access
The Influence of Early Parent - Child Attachment Style on Married Couple‟s Relationship Attachment Style: A Case of Nairobi Christian Centre, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian Univeristy, 2018-10) Gitahi, Fredrick Muiga
The high rate of couple detachment with each other in the Kenyan Church and society at large has become a real threat in married couple‟s health relationship. Based on attachment theory, the purpose of the study was to identify how early parental child attachment style influence married couple attachment style. The objectives of the study included such as; exploring on how early parental child attachment style influences a married couple‟s attachment style; examining the influence of attachment style perception construct in early parental child attachment style on married couple‟s attachment style and; exploring on how the father figure and the mother figure attachment style influences a married couple‟s attachment style. Participants were drawn from Nairobi Christian Centre in Nairobi County and consisted of 20 married couples in the Church. Of these, 20 participants were male and 20 other participants were female in their different stages of marital couple relationship. The study adopted a correlational research design which sought to examine the relationship between the variables. A questionnaire was used to collect data in the study. Respondents were sampled using simple random sampling from the total population of all the married couples in the Church. A Multiple Logistic Regression analysis was done to test for the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable simultaneously. A Pearson Correlation Coefficient was done to measure the linear correlation between early parental child attachment style and couple attachment style. The data was analysed quantitatively and the results presented using charts, graphs and frequency tables. In the findings, the descriptive statistics on the Multiple Logistic Regression analysis demonstrated a positive relationship that was identified where an early parental child attachment style influenced the couples‟ attachment style. The emotional availability of the parents was significantly acknowledged by the couples as assumed by the research study. The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.857, with a P-Value of 0.000 indicated the significance of father and/or mother figure early childhood attachment style influence on couple attachment style. Since the research was conducted in a church setting and based on attachment theory, religious and spiritual value influences can be factored in future researches.
Open Access
The Relationship between Communication Patterns and Marital satisfaction among Christian Couples: A Case of SDA Churches in Ruaraka Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya.
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Bolo, Eunice Akelo
Marriage as instituted and ordained by God is a sacred union of a man and a woman and oneness is the true essence of a godly marriage. Communication is vital and occupies an important place in marriage. Communication shows the health of the marriage and also makes the marriage healthy. The best foundation that any partner in marriage can lay regarding good communication is being able to communicate congruently with one another. Amongst many couples communication style or pattern often becomes more of an issue than the issue itself as such couples’ communication patterns play a significant role in the achievement of marital satisfaction. This study sought to find out the relationship between communication patterns and marital satisfaction among Christian couples. This study was conducted using exploratory research design in selected Seventh Day Adventist churches in Ruaraka constituency where multi stage sampling was used to arrive at the target population then opportunity sampling used to arrive at the sample size. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and focused group discussions. The quantitative data from questionnaires was analyzed using IBM SPSS software and qualitative data obtained from questionnaires and focused groups were analyzed using thematic data analysis. Statistical findings indicated that daily and regular communication and open and honest expression of thoughts and feeling had a moderate positive significant effect on marital satisfaction among Christian couples while communication in conflict did not have a statistically significant effect on marital satisfaction among Christian couples. This study recommends that counselors should explore aspects such as; individual couple’s personality, individual couple’s expectation on how communication should be and the attitude with which information is received which affect how couples communicate when offering pre marital counseling or working with couples on their communication. Congruent communication is therefore vital for building and maintaining strong couple relationships.
Open Access
Impact of Family Instability on Teenagers ‘Self-Concept and Development of Friendships: A Case of Ruai, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Onsando, Evans
The theoretical case for effects of family instability on children‘s self-concept rests on the premise that each of the transitions of parents, partners and step-parents into and out of the household requires adjustments that can be stressful and confusing to the child. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between family stability/instability and teenagers‘ self-concept and development of peer friendships. The research was guided by Attachment Theory and Family Systems Theory in data collection, analysis and interpretation of data results. Using descriptive causal-comparative design, and adopting purposive sampling technique, the study selected a sample of 51 high school age children of between 14 and 20 years in Ruai, Nairobi County in Kenya. Out of the sample of 51, 30 were drawn from Children Homes and the remaining 21 were drawn from churches within Ruai Area. Among the respondents, 15 were males while 36 were female. The participants were selected from unstable and stable family structures. Questionnaires, scales and focus group discussions were used in the data collection. Analysis of data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of IBM SPSS Version 20.0 program where the significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. The results were presented in tables, percentages and graphs. Findings of the study indicated that there was no statistical significance in as far as development of self-concept is concerned implying that there could be other factors that influence the development of self-concept. However, the findings demonstrate a very strong significance between family instability and the teenager‘s ability to develop and maintain peer friendships. In the current study, it emerged that teenagers living with two biological parents indicated a more satisfactory self-concept compared to their counterparts from the unstable family structure. The study also established that the attachment relationship between the parent and the child is a critical variable in the development of self-concept. This study could be used as a basis for renewed focus on the family as an important socialization point for children‘s future social development. The government and non-government actors should come up with policies that protect the interest of children for a safe and secure future of the society at large.
Open Access
Perception of Family and Institutional Care Givers on The Social Emotional Development of Former Street Children: A Study of Koinonia Community in Nairobi County – Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Mwangi, Grace W
Literature reviews on interventions for children and adolescents in street situation (CASS) observes that there is lacking sufficient empirical research base and efficacy of different forms of interventions for street children. This study examined social emotional development of 52 former street children under family based care and institutional care interventions and a control group of 26 children raised by biological families and have never been on the streets in Konoinia community in Nairobi County. The study was anchored on attachment theory. Quasi experiment design and quantitative methodology were used in this study. Purposeful sampling was employed to select respondents in this study. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was administered to the primary care givers of the children. That is parents of the children under family care and control group; whereas social workers filled SDQ for the children under institutional care. Data was analysed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and MS-Excel. The results showed that control group children performed better than both former street children under family and institutional care. Second, former street children under family care performed better in the emotional symptoms scale than former street children under institutional care. In addition, the findings of this study revealed that there was a difference between the three interventions of care in relation to the social emotional development of children. Control group children results revealed the necessity of prevention programs at the family level in order to prevent children from going to the streets and into alternative care interventions. Considering the study was conducted in one Children’s Care provider there is need to widen the scope of the study to other care providers, in order to get a wider view of the implications of street children interventions on children development and especially family and institutional care interventions.
Open Access
Effects of Marital Conflict on Academic Performance of Students in Public and Private Day Secondary Schools in Kiambu Sub-County, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Inanga, Ann Nkirote
The family is one of the most powerful primary agents of socialization and achievement of the entire family including children at school is very important. The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of marital conflicts on the academic performance of public and private day secondary school students in Kenya based on a case study of selected schools in Kiambu sub-County. The study was anchored on Erickson’s theory, Behavioral theory and Abraham Maslow’s theory on hierarchy of needs. A descriptive survey design was adopted. Data was collected using a questionnaire through the drop and pick method. Findings were organized into themes and according to research questions and objectives. Data was tabulated and presented descriptively using frequency tables, charts and graphs. The first objective sought to establish the areas of conflict among married couples in Kiambu sub-County. It was found that on a 5-point scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree, a high mean score was obtained on the statement that parents disagreed due to financial dissatisfaction, struggle for power and control of the family, show of public disapproval contributed to conflict between their parents and gender preference on children. The second objective of the study was to explain the effect of marital conflicts on the academic performance of students in public and private day secondary schools in Kiambu sub-County. Results showed that most of the respondents had a low concentration as a result of quarrels between parents/guardians, and majority of the respondents agreed that their academic grades were affected by marital conflicts among parents. With respect to the third objective which sought to establish the possible solutions to the problems regarding marital conflicts and academic performance of secondary school students, most of the respondents acknowledged that learning to calm down can reduce distraction from class as a result of family conflicts. It was also found that most of the respondents agreed that learning to speak and listen non-defensively was a way to resolve marital conflicts. It was concluded that marital conflict negatively impacted on children’s academic performance. It was recommended that parents or guardians who are experiencing conflicts in their families should consider counselling options as soon as possible to avoid negative effects on their children. Further studies could be focused on the effects of guidance and counseling on students’ academic performance.
Open Access
Effects of Work- Related Stress on Alcoholism Among Student Nurses in Sagana Sub- County Hospital in Kirinyaga County Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2019-07) Muchiri, Esther
Work related stress and Alcoholism is a problem facing the learners in learning institutions. Most students in nursing are found to engage in alcoholism which has detrimental effects among student nurses in the work place environment. The increase in alcoholism among student nurses in their internship in hospitals raise concerns in work related stress. Most of student nurses in Kirinyaga County engage in alcoholism with high cases being reported in Sagana- sub county hospital. Student’s nurses in their internship at Sagana Sub County hospital are most affected where most of them engage in alcoholism and fail to attend to responsibilities assigned. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of work related stress on alcoholism among Students nurses in Sagana sub county hospital, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to examine workplace stress among the student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital, to assess work related stress factors influencing alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital, to determine the effects of work related stress and alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital and to examine the relationship between work related stress and alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital. The study was grounded on social and Cognitive learning theory and also Lazarus theory of stress. The study used descriptive survey research design. The study population was nurse students in internships in Sagana Sub County Hospital in Kirinyaga County who are three hundred in number. The study sample was sixty student nurses. This is 20% of the 300 student’ nurses who were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview guide. The interviews were administered to MoH officials; Medical Directors and the Nurse in charge of the facility. Descriptive analysis which included percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations were used to analyse data. Correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between work related stress and alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub county Hospital. The study established that inadequacy of clarity of responsibilities assigned, insufficient support from supervisors and colleagues and poor work life balance contribute to work related stress among student nurses in Sagana Sub County hospital in Kirinyaga County. The study revealed that student nurses were experiencing long working hours and high workload contributed to work related stress among student nurses in Sagana Sub County hospital in Kirinyaga County. The results revealed that student’s nurses engage in alcoholism affecting their job performance at workplace. Based on the findings, the study concluded that student nurses at Sagana medical facility experience high level of work related stress that contributed to alcoholism leading to poor job performance. The study recommends measures should be deployed in an effort to mitigate occurrence of workstress that influence student nurses to engage in alcoholism so as to improve on individual productivity and improve job performance at health facilities in Kenya.
Open Access
Impact of Transition to Parenthood on Marital Satisfaction: The Case of First Time Parents at Anderson Centre, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2019-05) Thumbi, Judith
Transition to parenthood is a defining moment for first time parents. The challenges associated with the adjustments necessary to accommodate the new family member are sometimes difficult for new parents. This has an impact on the marriage of the new couple. If not well handled, the conflicts arising from this stage can affect the couple’s marital satisfaction. Most studies on the impact of transition to parenthood on marital satisfaction are influenced by western thinking. Yet despite the potential contextual differences in family values from one culture to another, the topic of transition to parenthood and its impact on marital satisfaction has received limited research attention in Kenya. This study investigated the impact of transition to parenthood on marital satisfaction of first time parents in Kenya. The theoretical frame work for this study was Emotion Focussed Therapy (EFT) which is derived from attachment theory as it applies to adult love relationships. The research adopted a descriptive survey design with a mixed method approach. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct the study, on a population comprising of first time parents in the antenatal, post-natal and well-baby clinics at the Anderson Centre, Nairobi Hospital. Sampling technique was stratified purposive. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data from the respondents. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data was synthesized and presented in themes. The study established that on a 5-point scale, the greatest change that transition to parenthood caused on first time parents was in terms of finances (M=3.97, SD=1.19) as the couple had to adjust their finances to accommodate the needs of the baby. However, a positive correlation was found between transition to parenthood and marital satisfaction of first time parents (r=.398, p<.01), implying that marital satisfaction of first time parents increased with transition to parenthood. Transition to parenthood explained 14.9% of the variance in the marital satisfaction of first-time parents (R2=.149), whereby one unit transition towards parenthood caused a 0.569 unit increase in the marital satisfaction of first time parents (B=0.569, p<.01). Marital satisfaction increased for 44% of the respondents while it remained the same for 34% of the respondents and decreased for 22% of the respondents following transition to parenthood. Support from friends and family was the single most adopted coping strategy, accounting for 57% of all the coping strategies mentioned by respondents. The study concluded that transition to parenthood generally enhances rather than erodes marital satisfaction of first time parents. This however depends on a number of underlying factors, most notably the presence and support of the spouse, financial preparedness and a strong social support system. Counseling and education for better preparation for transition to parenthood is an important institutional intervention but currently missing in healthcare facilities and counseling services. The study recommended that healthcare facilities should start offering marriage and family therapy services to expectant couples and first-time parents.
Open Access
The Influence of Parenting Styles on the Social Behavior of Pre-Adolescents: A Case Study of P.C.E.A. Kahawa Farmers,Kiambu County,Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2019-06) Maami, Mercy Muthoni
Preadolescence is a significant phase in the human life cycle for physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development. As preadolescents attempt to gain more independence, they endeavour to develop their own sense of self. One of the most important developmental tasks that adolescents face is to achieve a mature and healthy sense of autonomy – the capacity to make one’s own decisions and to manage life tasks without being overly depended on other people. The behaviour of preadolescents is influenced by several factors. One of these factors is the family environment in which the young person has been living since birth. This study, therefore, examine to understand the influence that parenting styles have on the social behaviours of pre-adolescent children. Problems related to parenting are at the root of many behavioural disorders. The study explored the relationship between parenting styles and the social behaviour of pre adolescent children using specific cases in PCEA Kahawa Farmers in Kiambu County, Kenya. To accomplish this, a mixture of quantitative and qualitative approach was preferred for collecting data from a sample size comprising of 50 respondents, among whom 25were pre-adolescents (aged between 10 and 12 years old) and 25 were parents of pre-adolescent children. The sample was purposively selected for the qualitative side of the study in order to select this multi varied sample. Analysis was done using both descriptive statistics and content analysis. Simple random sampling was also used to recruit the teachers in the quantitative part of the study and the distribution of questionnaire. The findings of the study show that most of the pre-adolescents manifest behavioural disorders when parents utilise the authoritarian and/or neglectful parenting styles.