TD-Department of Psychology (MST)

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Open Access
Adolescents’ Attachment to God: A Case of the Anglican Church of Kenya in Roysambu Constituency, Nairobi, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Thiga, William Solomon Kiige
Based on attachment theory, the study sought to find how early parental child attachments influenced an adolescent attachment with God. The purpose of the study was to examine if there are any relationships between early parental child attachment styles, parental availability, parental emotional bond and parental proximity to a child and adolescent attachment to God. Participants for the study were drawn from the St. Peters’ Anglican church of Kenya (ACK) in Roysambu constituency, in Nairobi County and targeted the adolescent population in the Church. A sample size of 40 adolescents was targeted of which 37 responded. Using likert scales questionnaires, data was collected purposively and analysed quantitatively using Ms excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between parental child attachment and adolescents’ attachment to God. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the difference between adolescents’ attachment to God among the different parental gender proximity, parental emotional bond, and demonstration of attachment style by parents. Additionally, using the Attachment to God Inventory (AGI), the relationship between parent child attachment and attachment to God was explored among adolescents of St. Peter’s Anglican church, Roysambu in Nairobi. In addition, parental spirituality, attachment bonds and attachment styles emphasis were also investigated. Comparisons of the AGI with parent child attachment measures supported a correspondence between parental child attachment and adolescent attachment to God. The research findings underscore the importance of parental attachment bonds with positive influence to adolescent’s attachment to God. The research findings demonstrate the importance of parents as being attachment figures to their children as they help create images about God. The findings also demonstrate how parental attachment style, proximity, availability and emotional connectedness with their children influence their relationship with God.
Open Access
Adult Attachment Styles and Marital Conflict Resolution Styles among Couples in Nairobi,Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-05) Mburu, Lucy Wambui
Human beings have been shown to have styles that they employ in handling certain aspects of their relational lives. Specific categories of styles sometimes relate with each other under certain circumstances, affecting outcomes in relationships. There is a gap in research that this study sought to fill in showing how Adult Attachment Styles (AAS) and also certain demographic characteristics relate with the Marital Conflict Resolution Styles (MCRS)employed by couples in Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to find out the AAS of married individuals in Nairobi County, to investigate the marital conflict resolution styles employed by couples in Nairobi County, to establish how certain demographics influence the marital conflict resolution styles of couples, and to examine how the AAS relate with MCRS among couples in Nairobi County. This study was informed bythe attachment theory and Gottman’s marital conflict styles theory. The study adopted the correlation research design. Six CITAM assemblies that are located in Nairobi County were purposively selected for participation. The individuals that took part were selected using simple random and snowballing sampling methods. The quantitative data for finding out theAAS and marital conflict resolution styles was collected using the standardized questionnaires. Six semi-structured interviews were additionally conducted with pastors in charge of Family Care and Enrichment from the participating assemblies. Pearson correlation coefficient factor was used to determine the relationship between causes of conflicts, demographics and AAS, with marital conflict resolution styles. All tests of significance were computed at a significant level of 5% with the help of SPSS. The descriptive statistics used were percentages, mean and k-means non-hierarchical cluster analysis. The inferential statistics used were Chi-square test and ANOVA. The key findings of this study showed a significant association between AAS and marital conflict resolution styles. In addition, age, marital longevity, level of education, level of income, and the cause of a marital conflict had a significant influence on the marital conflict resolution styles of the respondents. Gender and occupation of participants showed no statistically significant influence on any of the marital conflict resolution styles in the study. These findings demonstrate that AAS and certain demographics have an influence on the marital conflict resolution styles that couples employ. Facilitators of premarital counseling classes, marriage therapists as well as pastors need to be aware of these influences while helping couples to handle conflicts constructively.
Open Access
Effect of Parenting Styles on Adolescents’ Identity Styles: A Case of Selected Public Secondary Schools in Westlands Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya.
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Elizabeth Wangeshi M. Njenga
Adolescence is a crucial period marked by significant psychological and social development, particularly in identity formation. Berzonsky’s identity model suggests each individual employs different identity styles and each style can have implications on psychological well-being and adjustment. One influential factor in this process is parenting style, which encompasses parental behaviors, attitudes, and strategies in child-rearing. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting, permissive parenting and parental attachment on adolescents’ identity styles. Baumarind’s theory of parenting styles and Berzonsky’s identity styles model anchored the study. The research was a quantitative study with descriptive data acquired via survey methodology. The sample size was 408 male and female participants, aged between 15 and 19. The data collection instruments used were questionnaires; Perceived Parenting Styles Scale used to measure parenting styles, the Inventory of Parents and Peers Attachment (IPPA) used to measure parental attachment and Identity Styles Inventory (ISI-5) used to measure Identity styles. The mean, standard deviation, and range of scores for all independent and dependent variables were calculated using descriptive statistics. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to measure association between variables, and assumptions of regression analysis was done prior to regression analysis to check for its suitability. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between variables. IBM SPSS Version 28 was used to analyse the data. The results indicated that normative (β = 0.220, p = 0.000) and informative (β = 0.096, p = 0.048) identity styles and authoritative parenting styles were positively correlated. The diffuse avoidant identity style was positively and significantly correlated with authoritarian parenting styles (β = 0.144, p = 0.002). Only the diffuse avoidant identity style was considerably enhanced by permissive parenting (β = 0.217, p = 0.000). Parental attachment to normative identity styles (β = -0.128, p = 0.000) and informative identity styles (β = 0.091, p = 0.001) were found to have a positive and significant association. The study implications are that effective parenting styles can be adopted to help adolescents develop and make better and informed decisions. These results could be useful to youth workers, family therapists, parents and caregivers, by providing insight into the psychological processes underlying adolescent decision-making. No harm was inflicted while conducting the research because all ethical guidelines were observed. Participants in the research consented to participate, and confidentiality was upheld.
Open Access
Effect of Youth HIV and Aids Disclosure on Family at The Comprehensive Care Clinic in Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Winnie Mwikali Kyalo
Opening up about one’s HIV and AIDS status to friends and family has proven to be beneficial in the overall health of an individual. However, the process of disclosure brings an unbalance in the family as they try to adjust to this new reality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of youth HIV and AIDS disclosure on the family in the Comprehensive Care Clinic in Kenyatta National Hospital. The objectives focused on: the reasons for youth disclosure or non-disclosure to the family, to identify the family status disclosure outcomes to the youth’s HIV and AIDS status disclosure, the coping strategies implemented when status disclosure occurs, and the counselling needs that arise in the family post-disclosure. The communication privacy movement theory was used to explore how the family navigates youth’s HIV and AIDS status disclosure. The descriptive design was used in exploring the disclosure indicators, the family status disclosure outcomes, the coping strategies, and counselling needs that arose in the family post-disclosure. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used for the descriptive research design. For the purpose of the study, the target population consisted of 9,500 youths, with a sample size of 384 respondents. The sample was determined using Cochran’s formula and purposive nonprobability sampling technique was used, where data from the youth was collected using indepth interviews and a questionnaire. The data was analysed and presented using frequency distributions, tables and charts using the SPSS version 28.1. The Spearman’s coefficient correlation was used to assess the monotonic relationship between the youth HIV and AIDS status disclosure, and the effect it had on the family variables of the study, which was calculated using SPSS 28.1. The study found that the youth were more inclined to disclosure, if they are aware that the family will love them unconditionally despite finding out their HIV and AIDS status. The study concluded that fear of rejection due to the societal worldview, and the kind of relationship the youth has with their family influenced the youth HIV and AIDS status disclosure decision. The youth emphasized that the way their family receives the news of their HIV and AIDS positive status determines how they navigate and find ways to live with this new reality. The study demonstrated that family members can play an important role in helping the youth make appropriate life decisions to make room for their positive HIV and AIDS status. It was recommended by the study that the disclosing youth and their families need to have the appropriate resources, to help address the relational issues that presented post-disclosure. The study is significant to health care providers and also to the families to holistically equip them with the necessary tools to develop healthy coping strategies post-disclosure.
Open Access
EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS AGAINST ALCOHOLISM IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: A CASE OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE FUND IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
(2023-07-25) WARUGURU, MOKAYA TABITHA
Alcoholism and alcohol abuse is a common vice in the workplace which has debilitating effects on individuals, families, organizations and societies at large. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of the interventions implemented through employee assistance programs (EAPs) at the National Health Insurance Fund. Specifically, the study assessed the prevalence of alcoholism among NHIF employees, the risk factors, the level of employee awareness of the alcoholism interventions at NHIF, and the effectiveness of the interventions. The study was guided by Cognitive Behavioural Theory and Reality Theory. Descriptive research design was used. The target population was 562 employees from NHIF headquarters and branches from which a sample size of 234 employees were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Additionally, the study interviewed 27 managers and supervisors. Before administration, the questionnaire was pilot tested on 24 respondents at NHIF Eldoret Branch and found to be valid and reliable. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and linear regression technique in SPSS while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that the prevalence of alcohol abuse was 24.5%. The interventions implemented to mitigate alcoholism and alcohol abuse among NHIF employees were moderately effective. Thematic analysis indicated peer pressure, stress and poor financial management were significantly associated with alcoholism among NHIF employees. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the government collaborates with private organizations and religious institutions to develop more effective intervention measures aimed at mitigating the problem and improving employee performance and dependability. Further research was proposed to determine whether differences exist in the vulnerability of employees to alcoholism in other public institutions.
Open Access
The Effects of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction Among Married Christians:A Survey of Christ is the Answer Ministries (CITAM) Woodley Assembly, Nairobi, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Korir, Dorcas,C
The overall objective of the study was to investigate the effect of religious practices, beliefs and faith community on the marital satisfaction of married Christians at CITAM Woodley. Three objectives were set. These were; to establish the effect of religious practice on marital satisfaction among married Christians, to explore the effect of religious beliefs on marital satisfaction among married Christians, and to ascertain the effect of belonging to faith community on marital satisfaction among married Christians in CITAM Woodley. Descriptive research and design was employed in this study. The study was guided by the ecological systems theory as postulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979) and a conceptual framework was provided. The target population included all the 520 married Christians at CITAM Woodley. The sample was 104 (52 men and 52 women). Simple random sampling was used to select the sample. It was established that religious practice affected marital satisfaction. Religious beliefs did not affect marital satisfaction. Belonging to Community Faith groups affected marital satisfaction. The recommendations were that Community Faith groups especially those addressing marital issues be encouraged across other Christian communities because they had positive effects on marital satisfaction. Churches should encourage teams and team work in the various ministries in order to ensure that the married Christians get adequate time for resting and for service in activities. Churches should plan for times for service and for breaks. Further research was suggested on circumstances under which religious beliefs affect marital satisfaction and on the effect of the length of practicing religious practices on marital satisfaction.
Open Access
Effects of Blended Family Dynamics on the Wellbeing of Children in Kenya: Case of Kabete Sub-County in Kiambu County
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Njoroge, Margaret W
Family changes adversely impact a child’s wellbeing including the psychological, social and academic wellbeing of the child. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of blended family dynamics on child wellbeing in Kenya using case of Kabete Sub-County in Kiambu County. The study employed descriptive design using both qualitative and quantitative research methodology and primary data to achieve its objectives. The study employed purposive sampling techniques to select a sample size of 50 secondary school age-going children from blended families focusing on 14 – 19 years age group. The governing theory underpinning the study was the Attachment Theory by Bowlby complimented by the theory of Structural Family Therapy by Minuchin. The data was collected through use of structured questionnaires. The data was analysed using descriptive analysis method in terms of frequencies, cross tabulations and graphs with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Regarding psychological wellbeing, the study revealed that most of the respondents did not spend time with their stepparents often, and that they trusted their biological parents with secrets and not their stepparents. Within different blended family dynamics, a higher proportion of respondents with delinquent behaviours such as cheating, stealing, fighting and school absenteeism were found within stepmother families than in stepfather families or a combination of stepfather and stepmother. The results on academic wellbeing showed that a higher proportion of the respondents with fair or bad academic wellbeing were from the stepfather families than from the stepmother families. In general, the study reflects an adverse child wellbeing in both stepmother and stepfather families. There was need for biological parents to continue to play an active role in the upbringing of their children through regular visits and creating quality time. In addition, stepparents should establish friendships with the children and foster trust and respect in order to reassure them that the new environment was safe to live in. There was generally a need for the stepfathers to step in as father figures to their step-children in order to provide the guidance that they need to enhance their academic wellbeing. There was need for a future study to compare the child wellbeing in blended families with that of traditional families.
Open Access
The Effects of Boarding Primary School Experiences Upon Children's Interpersonal Relationship with the Nuclear Families
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2015-12) Keinamma, Marion W
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of boarding primary school experiences upon children's interpersonal relationships with their nuclear families. 3 research objectives were developed to guide the study namely; to investigate the relationship between the child and the father and mother before and after joining boarding primary school and to document the best and worst boarding primary school experiences the children encountered. The study was guided by the attachment developmental theory formulated by Bowlby (1969-1988), and expounded by (Neufeld, 2004) and (Neufeld, 2007). The study targeted children who attended boarding primary schools for not less than 2 years and comprised children aged between 13 and 18 years. Purposive sampling method was employed to obtain one boys' and one girls' secondary schools. Purposive sampling was also used to obtain the children aged between 13 and 18 years who attended boarding primary schools for not less than 2 years. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the required information. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to process the frequencies, percentages and descriptive statistics which were used to discuss the findings. Before joining boarding primary schools, the majority of the pupils felt close, significant and loved by their mothers. Girls felt significantly closer and loved by their fathers compared to the boys. The interpersonal relationships between the children and their parents were more established when compared to that of their siblings suggesting that the sibling system was still in its formative stage before they left for boarding primary schools. There were more boys who felt abandoned and rejected by their mothers after joining boarding primary schools compared to the girls. While the majority of both boys and girls never felt abandoned, rejected or disliked by their fathers, there was a statistically significant variation between the proportion of boys and girls who experienced those feelings after joining boarding primary schools. The study results show that girls were more adaptable to boarding primary schools and were therefore in a better position to settle down physically and emotionally faster than the boys. The boys did not seem to enjoy the boarding primary schools' environment, a probable reason why they may have had difficulties adapting to it. The worst memorable boarding primary school experiences included caning, being punished, waking up early and bad food. Recommendations are that parents should not only involve their children in decision making but should also emotionally prepare them before placing them in boarding primary schools. Parents and especially the fathers should ensure that they do not get detached from their children after placing them in boarding primary schools while the Ministry of Education should train teachers on alternative ways of disciplining children so as to eradicate caning and punishments completely from these institutions.
Open Access
Effects of Marital Conflict on Academic Performance of Students in Public and Private Day Secondary Schools in Kiambu Sub-County, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Inanga, Ann Nkirote
The family is one of the most powerful primary agents of socialization and achievement of the entire family including children at school is very important. The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of marital conflicts on the academic performance of public and private day secondary school students in Kenya based on a case study of selected schools in Kiambu sub-County. The study was anchored on Erickson’s theory, Behavioral theory and Abraham Maslow’s theory on hierarchy of needs. A descriptive survey design was adopted. Data was collected using a questionnaire through the drop and pick method. Findings were organized into themes and according to research questions and objectives. Data was tabulated and presented descriptively using frequency tables, charts and graphs. The first objective sought to establish the areas of conflict among married couples in Kiambu sub-County. It was found that on a 5-point scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree, a high mean score was obtained on the statement that parents disagreed due to financial dissatisfaction, struggle for power and control of the family, show of public disapproval contributed to conflict between their parents and gender preference on children. The second objective of the study was to explain the effect of marital conflicts on the academic performance of students in public and private day secondary schools in Kiambu sub-County. Results showed that most of the respondents had a low concentration as a result of quarrels between parents/guardians, and majority of the respondents agreed that their academic grades were affected by marital conflicts among parents. With respect to the third objective which sought to establish the possible solutions to the problems regarding marital conflicts and academic performance of secondary school students, most of the respondents acknowledged that learning to calm down can reduce distraction from class as a result of family conflicts. It was also found that most of the respondents agreed that learning to speak and listen non-defensively was a way to resolve marital conflicts. It was concluded that marital conflict negatively impacted on children’s academic performance. It was recommended that parents or guardians who are experiencing conflicts in their families should consider counselling options as soon as possible to avoid negative effects on their children. Further studies could be focused on the effects of guidance and counseling on students’ academic performance.
Open Access
Effects of Premarital Counselling on Marital Success Among Couples in Kasarani Division, Nairobi
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Wanjiku, paschalline V Waititu
Marital dissatisfaction affects people of all ages, races and cultural backgrounds and this often leads to divorce. Divorce can have negative implications that can last for years. Therapists, Christian religious clergy and other related professionals providing premarital and marital counseling work to resolve marital discord and improve marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to examine the connection between premarital counseling programs, marital success and marital satisfaction for couples. A questionnaire was used to establish whether participating couples attended pre-marital counseling, the topics that were covered during the program and the impact this has had in their marital relationship. Discussions were also held with three church leaders on the same study. The data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative analysis and the outcome of the analysis was presented in tables, figures and narrative description indicating responses by the individuals. The results show that (52%) of the participants responding to the metric on importance of showing excitement when one partner comes home strongly agreed while (40%) agreed. However, (53%) of the respondents disagreed with the second metric that they should listen when their partners are talking as compared to those who agreed at (39%). Regarding conflict resolution and management, (96%) of the participants admitted that it was dangerous for them not to deal with marital conflicts conclusively while (96%) of them agreed that it was wrong for them to criticize their partner. Regarding the effect of pre-marital counseling on marital bliss and satisfaction, bivariate correlation analysis showed that there was significant positive correlation between pre-marital counseling and marital satisfaction [r=0.568, n=56 p<0.000]. This means that participation in pre-marital counseling programs brings satisfaction and bliss to the couples who attend such programs. On the effect of pre-marital counseling on marital conflicts, the results show that there was negative corellation between pre-marital counseling and prevalence of marital conflicts though there was no significant difference in the means [r = -0.120, n=56 p=0.205]. This illustration means that the more couples participated in pre-marital counselling, the fewer marital conflicts exist between them. The study recommends that all persons preparing to get married should be encouraged to participate in premarital counseling. To achieve this vision all the service providers including churches must ensure that there is enough sensitization of young people to this effect.
Open Access
Effects of Work- Related Stress on Alcoholism Among Student Nurses in Sagana Sub- County Hospital in Kirinyaga County Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2019-07) Muchiri, Esther
Work related stress and Alcoholism is a problem facing the learners in learning institutions. Most students in nursing are found to engage in alcoholism which has detrimental effects among student nurses in the work place environment. The increase in alcoholism among student nurses in their internship in hospitals raise concerns in work related stress. Most of student nurses in Kirinyaga County engage in alcoholism with high cases being reported in Sagana- sub county hospital. Student’s nurses in their internship at Sagana Sub County hospital are most affected where most of them engage in alcoholism and fail to attend to responsibilities assigned. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of work related stress on alcoholism among Students nurses in Sagana sub county hospital, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to examine workplace stress among the student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital, to assess work related stress factors influencing alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital, to determine the effects of work related stress and alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital and to examine the relationship between work related stress and alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub County Hospital. The study was grounded on social and Cognitive learning theory and also Lazarus theory of stress. The study used descriptive survey research design. The study population was nurse students in internships in Sagana Sub County Hospital in Kirinyaga County who are three hundred in number. The study sample was sixty student nurses. This is 20% of the 300 student’ nurses who were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview guide. The interviews were administered to MoH officials; Medical Directors and the Nurse in charge of the facility. Descriptive analysis which included percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations were used to analyse data. Correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between work related stress and alcoholism among student nurses in Sagana Sub county Hospital. The study established that inadequacy of clarity of responsibilities assigned, insufficient support from supervisors and colleagues and poor work life balance contribute to work related stress among student nurses in Sagana Sub County hospital in Kirinyaga County. The study revealed that student nurses were experiencing long working hours and high workload contributed to work related stress among student nurses in Sagana Sub County hospital in Kirinyaga County. The results revealed that student’s nurses engage in alcoholism affecting their job performance at workplace. Based on the findings, the study concluded that student nurses at Sagana medical facility experience high level of work related stress that contributed to alcoholism leading to poor job performance. The study recommends measures should be deployed in an effort to mitigate occurrence of workstress that influence student nurses to engage in alcoholism so as to improve on individual productivity and improve job performance at health facilities in Kenya.
Open Access
Emotional Intelligence as A Predictor of Academic Stress Among Adolescents in Selected Public Mixed Day Secondary Schools in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-15) MARY WANJIRU GITONGA
The exponential growth of modernity in this era presents a challenge for adolescents, as it increases academic stress levels. This study examined whether emotional intelligence is a predictor of academic stress among adolescents in selected public mixed day secondary schools in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: find out whether self- awareness influences academic stress among adolescents. To investigate the effect of self-management on academic stress among adolescents, to establish the influence of social-awareness on academic stress among adolescents and to determine the effect of social skills on academic stress among adolescents in selected public mixed day secondary schools in Kasarani sub-county. Goleman's (1995) Emotional Intelligence Model was used as the theoretical framework for the study. A quantitative ex-post facto research design was used. The target population was 7177 adolescents aged between 13-19 years from selected public mixed day secondary schools in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi City County. A sample size of was 368 determined using Krejcie and Morgan (1970). The instruments used to collect data were adapted questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26. The findings of the study was that emotional intelligence contributes to academic stress and in particular self-management. Self-awareness demonstrated a weak negative correlation (r=.-.130, p=.022) null hypothesis (HO1 which stated that there was no relationship between self-awareness and academic stress) was rejected. Self-management demonstrated a weak negative correlation (r= -.218, p=.000) the null hypothesis (H02) was rejected which stated that there was no relationship between self- management and academic stress as the results showed that there was a relationship. The null hypothesis (H03) was rejected as data showed a weak, negative relationship between the two variables (r = - .218, n = 324, p < .05) but the results indicated there was a relationship. The null hypothesis (HO4) was accepted as the results demonstrated a weak negative correlation (r= -.058, p=.330) but showed there was no significant relationship as 0.330 was more than 0.05. The findings would add value to Counselling Psychology since the results indicate that self-management contributes to academic stress, counsellors need to emphasis that while dealing with students. Marriage and Family therapists need to talk to parents who have children in school to talk to their children on improving self-management skills. The government as well should include self-management skills in school curriculum since the results indicated that self-management contributes to academic stress. From the findings of this study self-management contributed significantly to academic stress and therefore it is recommended that schools should focus on measures to enhance self-management in order to reduce academic stress.
Open Access
Environmental Factors Influencing Dating through Agencies for Mate selection in Nairobi,Kenya County
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2019-06) Murungu, Tabitha
The purpose of the study was to explore the environmental factors influencing dating through agencies for mate selection in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, to assess the sufficiency of dating agencies in Kenya, explore factors influencing young adults’ use of dating agencies for mate selection, and to document young adults’ views on dating through agencies concerning mate selection. The study was guided by the Rapid Social Change theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design; a sample size of three dating agencies was selected from a pool of nine. Simple random sampling technique was applied to select the three agencies. data tools were mailed out to all the participating clients in the three agencies where 81 clients responded over a three-week period. Primary data was collected through the use of questionnaire tools and key informant interviews. The administrators of the three agencies participated as key informants for data triangulation and validation. It was established that dating agencies were operational in Nairobi and were accessible by way of email, telephone, internet or even physically visiting the offices. However, the awareness within the larger population of the existence of dating services was quite low. The pool of those enrolled for the service was quite small and largely comprised of women seeking husbands. Only a small proportion of the respondents were successful at securing a mate through the agencies. A substantial proportion of users still hoped for a better match than the one already profiled for them. The most critical environmental factors that resulted to the use of dating through agencies were: the amount of money, commitment and time spent on night outs in search of a mate, difficulties in naturally finding someone with similar interests, and unprecedented relationship break ups that left casualties with very little time for finding other potential mates on short notice. There was a lot of stigma associated with dating agencies and indifference on the fact that people using dating agencies were desperate. Recommendations were that awareness creation be increased and that more men be encouraged to register. Further research was suggested on non environmental factors influencing the use of dating agencies for mate selection and on the views of non-users of dating agencies regarding mate selection through dating agencies.
Open Access
Families On Academic Performance Among Students in Public Mixed Day Secondary Schools in Juja Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Moses Githinji Macharia
The family holds a critical role as a fundamental unit within society which impacts human beings from all dimensions. Negative patterns of parental behavior within functional families can often carry over to their adolescents’ lives. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the influence of dysfunctional families on the academic performance among students in public mixed day public secondary schools in Juja Sub County of Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish the influence of parental separation and divorce on academic performance among students in public mixed day schools in Juja Sub County, determine the influence of parental alcoholism in students’ academic performance in public mixed day secondary schools in Juja Sub County, to evaluate the influence of domestic conflicts on academic achievements of students in public mixed day secondary schools in Juja Sub County and the role of students’ behaviour in the relationship between dysfunctional families and students’ academic performance in public mixed day secondary schools in Juja Sub County. Family Systems Theory and Resilience Theory, was used to examine parenting practices and their impact on adolescent’s development. The study was guided by correlational research design. A sample size of 309respondents was selected, and twenty key informants consisting of 10 principals and 10 guidance and counseling teachers. Purposive sampling was used to select principals and guidance and counseling teachers, stratified sampling was employed to recruit students per school, and simple random sampling was used to recruit participating students per class. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from the respondents, and structured interview guide was used to collect qualitative data from the school principals and counseling and guidance teachers who were the key informants. Quantitative data was analyzed using mean, frequencies, standard deviations, and regression analysis using SPSS v25, while qualitative data was thematically analyzed using Nvivo v12 software. Chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between parental divorce/separation and academic performance (χ² (1) = 5.352, p < .05). Respondents perceived parental alcoholism to minimally influence academic performance (Mean = 1.74, SD = 0.713), with a weak but significant negative correlation (r = -.153, p < .05). There was a low correlation between parental conflict and academic performance (r = -.081, p > .05). Family dysfunction significantly predicted both academic performance (β = -.123, p < .05) and student behaviors (β =.468, p < .01), but the respondents behaviors did not significantly mediate the relationship between family dysfunction and academic performance (β = -.063, p > .05). The key informants ‘interviews supported quantitative findings, emphasizing psychological distress, academic disengagement, financial challenges, and behavioral issues as impacts of family dysfunction. Conclusion was drawn that family dysfunction adversely affected students’ academic performance through psychological distress, though student behaviors played an insignificant role in this relationship. Educators and school administrators should be equipped with training and resources to recognize and support students experiencing difficulties related to parental separation or divorce. Marriage and family therapists can be instrumental in this endeavor. Additional studies could explore in greater detail the precise mechanisms by which parental separation and divorce influence the academic performance among students
Open Access
Impact of Family Instability on Teenagers ‘Self-Concept and Development of Friendships: A Case of Ruai, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Onsando, Evans
The theoretical case for effects of family instability on children‘s self-concept rests on the premise that each of the transitions of parents, partners and step-parents into and out of the household requires adjustments that can be stressful and confusing to the child. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between family stability/instability and teenagers‘ self-concept and development of peer friendships. The research was guided by Attachment Theory and Family Systems Theory in data collection, analysis and interpretation of data results. Using descriptive causal-comparative design, and adopting purposive sampling technique, the study selected a sample of 51 high school age children of between 14 and 20 years in Ruai, Nairobi County in Kenya. Out of the sample of 51, 30 were drawn from Children Homes and the remaining 21 were drawn from churches within Ruai Area. Among the respondents, 15 were males while 36 were female. The participants were selected from unstable and stable family structures. Questionnaires, scales and focus group discussions were used in the data collection. Analysis of data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of IBM SPSS Version 20.0 program where the significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. The results were presented in tables, percentages and graphs. Findings of the study indicated that there was no statistical significance in as far as development of self-concept is concerned implying that there could be other factors that influence the development of self-concept. However, the findings demonstrate a very strong significance between family instability and the teenager‘s ability to develop and maintain peer friendships. In the current study, it emerged that teenagers living with two biological parents indicated a more satisfactory self-concept compared to their counterparts from the unstable family structure. The study also established that the attachment relationship between the parent and the child is a critical variable in the development of self-concept. This study could be used as a basis for renewed focus on the family as an important socialization point for children‘s future social development. The government and non-government actors should come up with policies that protect the interest of children for a safe and secure future of the society at large.
Open Access
THE IMPACT OF SPIRITUAL-BASED MARRIAGE ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS ON MARITAL SATISFACTION: A CASE OF MARRIED COUPLES’ CARE GROUPS AT CITAM, KENYA
(2023-07-25) WANYEKI, GRACE
The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of spiritual-based marriage enrichment programs on marital satisfaction by exploring Married Couples’ Care Groups (MCCGs) program in CITAM (Christ is the Answer Ministries), Kenya. The study employed a mixed-methods approach and was based on Gottman's Sound Relationship House Theory as the theoretical framework. CITAM Thika Road, CITAM Clay City, and CITAM Woodley Churches were purposively selected as the research sites. The study population consisted of 1,000 participants, including the leaders, from MCCGs in the selected assemblies. Consecutive sampling, also referred to as sequential or sampling, was utilized in this study sampling 286 participants. Out of those sampled, 152 participants responded to the questionnaire, representing a response rate of 63.3%. Data collection involved a validated questionnaire combining quantitative measures on marital satisfaction, evaluated in terms of friendship, and conflict management, and qualitative measures capturing the participants' subjective experiences and perceptions. Quantitative data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages; mean scores, and standard deviation scores, while qualitative data was examined using thematic analysis. The findings revealed a moderately high level of marital satisfaction among the respondents, as measured on a 5-point Likert scale, with their involvement in MCCGs. Qualitative data indicated positive influence on respondents' marriages, with effective communication emerging as the overarching theme. The study's findings indicate value for spiritual-based marriage enrichment programs in promoting couple friendship and conflict management within the Kenyan context. It provides religious groups with insight on the potential role of marriage enrichment programs in fostering marital satisfaction.
Open Access
Impact of Transition to Parenthood on Marital Satisfaction: The Case of First Time Parents at Anderson Centre, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2019-05) Thumbi, Judith
Transition to parenthood is a defining moment for first time parents. The challenges associated with the adjustments necessary to accommodate the new family member are sometimes difficult for new parents. This has an impact on the marriage of the new couple. If not well handled, the conflicts arising from this stage can affect the couple’s marital satisfaction. Most studies on the impact of transition to parenthood on marital satisfaction are influenced by western thinking. Yet despite the potential contextual differences in family values from one culture to another, the topic of transition to parenthood and its impact on marital satisfaction has received limited research attention in Kenya. This study investigated the impact of transition to parenthood on marital satisfaction of first time parents in Kenya. The theoretical frame work for this study was Emotion Focussed Therapy (EFT) which is derived from attachment theory as it applies to adult love relationships. The research adopted a descriptive survey design with a mixed method approach. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct the study, on a population comprising of first time parents in the antenatal, post-natal and well-baby clinics at the Anderson Centre, Nairobi Hospital. Sampling technique was stratified purposive. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data from the respondents. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data was synthesized and presented in themes. The study established that on a 5-point scale, the greatest change that transition to parenthood caused on first time parents was in terms of finances (M=3.97, SD=1.19) as the couple had to adjust their finances to accommodate the needs of the baby. However, a positive correlation was found between transition to parenthood and marital satisfaction of first time parents (r=.398, p<.01), implying that marital satisfaction of first time parents increased with transition to parenthood. Transition to parenthood explained 14.9% of the variance in the marital satisfaction of first-time parents (R2=.149), whereby one unit transition towards parenthood caused a 0.569 unit increase in the marital satisfaction of first time parents (B=0.569, p<.01). Marital satisfaction increased for 44% of the respondents while it remained the same for 34% of the respondents and decreased for 22% of the respondents following transition to parenthood. Support from friends and family was the single most adopted coping strategy, accounting for 57% of all the coping strategies mentioned by respondents. The study concluded that transition to parenthood generally enhances rather than erodes marital satisfaction of first time parents. This however depends on a number of underlying factors, most notably the presence and support of the spouse, financial preparedness and a strong social support system. Counseling and education for better preparation for transition to parenthood is an important institutional intervention but currently missing in healthcare facilities and counseling services. The study recommended that healthcare facilities should start offering marriage and family therapy services to expectant couples and first-time parents.
Open Access
Influence of Parental Alcoholism on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Kandara Sub County, Muranga County- Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-04) Njoroge, Beth Nyambura
Open Access
Influence Of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Among Clients in Selected Rehabilitation Centres in Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Maurifixiten Kamau Njuru
The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of Adverse Childhood Experience (ACEs) on alcohol and drug abuse among clients in selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County Kenya. The objectives were: to find out the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences among ADA (alcohol and drugs) clients in selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County; to determine the influence of physical abuse during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse; to evaluate the influence of emotional neglect during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse; to establish the influence of sexual abuse during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse; and to find out the influence of parental separation during childhood on alcohol and drug abuse among clients; and finally, to find out sustainable measurers that would help mitigate the prevalence of ACEs among clients in selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County, Kenya. A sample size of 181 clients was selected using Krejcie and Morgan sampling formula (1970) from a total population of 355 clients in the 13 registered rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 5 Lead Counselors and 5 Psychiatric Physicians in the five selected rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County. The Attachment Theory and the Psychoanalytic Social Theory formed theoretical framework for the study. The study used a descriptive survey research design. Method for data collection included: face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires such as adverse childhood experience questionnaire (ACE-Q). The ACE-Q questionnaire has internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha of 0.7. The study adhered to content validity that aligned with the objectives of the study. The collected data was analyzed using two approaches; quantitative data which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through the aid of SPSS software Version 26.0 while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The researcher adhered to ethical consideration before embarking on the research such as obtaining informed consent from participants. The results of the study indicated that physical abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse and parental separation/divorce correlated positively with alcohol and drug abuse at (r=0.458, p<0.001; r=0.696, p<0.001; r=0.477, p<0.001 and r=0.627, p<0.001 respectively). Moreover, the study established that 34.6% of ADA among clients in selected rehabilitation centers may be attributable to ACEs. The implication is thus ACEs are potent factors that are precursor to alcohol and drug abuse. Therefore, this study recommends an intense awareness of ACEs as a potent cause of ADA. Moreover, counselors in rehabilitation centers be equipped with skills of addressing ACEs. Further studies to be done on the remaining components of ACEs to establish their effects on ADA among clients in rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County, Kenya. The findings of this study may be of benefit to ADA addicts, families of addicts, psychologists, parents and teachers among others.
Open Access
Influence of Alcohol and Drug Abuse on Family Cohesion: A Case of Selected Rehabilitation Programs in Kiambu, Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-06) Mugo, Jane Wambui
Consequences of alcohol and drug abuse (ADA) not only affect the consumer but also the family members. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of ADA on family cohesion with a view to establish how this happens among families of recovering clients in selected rehabilitation programs in Kiambu County. The Circumplex Model of Marital and Family systems was used as the theoretical framework. This study used a correlational research design. The target population consisted of all 360 clients admitted in NACADA registered rehabilitation centres in Kiambu County. A sample of 114 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and moderated regression technique while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study established that alcohol was the main drug of choice among ADA patients, followed in order of popularity by tobacco, marijuana and khat. A moderately high mean score of 3.35 was established on a scale of 1 to 5 with respect to family cohesion. A weak negative correlation was observed between ADA and family cohesion (r=-.178, p>.05). Apositive correlation was established between substance use in the extended family and ADA (r=.359, p<.05). There was no statistically significant interaction effect between family risk and protective factors and ADA on family cohesion (B=-.026, p>.05). Neither was there a statistically significant main effect of either ADA ((B=-.029, p>.05) or family risk and protective factors (B=-.217, p>.05) on family cohesion. One unit increase in alcohol and substance abuse explained 0.104 unit reduction in family cohesion to a statistically insignificant degree (B=-.104, p>.05). It was found that ADA significantly predicted family changes and adaptation whereby one unit increase in ADA was associated with 0.226 increase in family changes and adaptation (B=0.226,p<.05). However, changes and adaptations in family systems did not significantly mediate between ADA and family cohesion, R2=.025, F(1)= 2.005, p>.05. Social support was a salient theme drawn from qualitative findings. The study concluded that young male adults were most affected by ADA. Alcohol addiction was the main disease that rehabilitation centers were treating. Families of clients recovering from ADA were generally cohesive. They were characterized by a degree of optimal functioning. However, rigidity and deficiencies in communication were manifest. Further incidences of ADA in the extended family was a significant risk factor that needed management. Alcohol and drug abuse had limited impact on family cohesion, though the impact on family changes and adaptations in family systems was adverse. The study recommended that rehabilitation centers should not only focus on treating rehab clients but also become a support system to enable family systems to accommodate changes and adapt positively to the inevitable changes in the family. Future research was proposed to compare and contrast the dynamics of ADA and family cohesion using female rehab client samples.