Ghala- PAC University Repository
Ghala is the institutional repository of the PAC University, managed by the University Library Team. The Repository is committed to store and preserve the University’s research outputs. Research outputs can include, but are not limited to, publications, conference proceedings, book chapters, monographs, theses,various forms of research data (video recordings, spreadsheets, computational scripts, code, images etc.), archives, presentations and others.
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Recent Submissions
Effects of Pornography Addiction on Adolescents' Mental Health in Selected Secondary Schools in Kajiado North Sub-County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2025-12-16) Veronicah Kibe
There is concern on the steady increase of poor mental health among adolescents in Kenya. The majority of young people are introduced to pornography during their adolescence, and for many people it becomes a habit and for others it almost becomes an addiction. This study’s objectives were to establish the causes of pornography addiction among adolescents in selected secondary schools in Kajiado North Sub-County, Kenya, assess the effects of pornography addiction on adolescents' mental health in selected secondary schools in Kajiado North Sub-County, and evaluate measures to curb pornography addiction among adolescents in these schools. The study was guided by the social cognitive theory and the ecological systems theory. The research design for the study was descriptive. The target population for the study comprised secondary school adolescents in selected secondary schools in Kajiado North Sub-County. The population included boys-only, girls-only, and mixed day and boarding public and private schools in the sub-county. The study employed the Yamane (1973) formula to determine a sample size of 366 adolescents. The researcher purposively sampled six secondary schools in Kajiado North Sub-County. The target population consisted of 4,337 guidance and counselling teachers and students, from which a sample of 382 respondents was selected through stratified sampling to determine the number of respondents in each school. In each of the six schools, respondents were randomly selected from each class. The study employed a census for the guidance and counselling teachers. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and an interview guide. A pilot study was conducted at Ole Kasasi Secondary School. Data was recorded in Microsoft Excel before being coded and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of the sample, while thematic analysis was employed to examine qualitative data. Findings were presented in tables, pie charts, and graphs. The study established that easy access to the internet, lack of parental control, peer influence and emotional distress were significant causes of pornography addiction among adolescents. Addiction had significant negative effects on adolescents’ mental health. Schools implemented measures against adolescent pornography addiction, including internet restrictions, digital literacy, counseling, parent workshops and engaging extracurricular activities. This study recommends that schools should implement advanced digital monitoring systems that prevent students from accessing explicit content. Parents and guardians should educate adolescents about sexuality and responsible internet use. Schools should introduce peer-led intervention programs and community-based mentorship initiatives should be established.
Influence of Church Programs in Enhancing the Change of Antisocial Behaviors Among Youths in Deliverance Churches of Kenya, Njiru Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya
(PAC University, 2025-12-16) Silas Njagi
Since time immemorial, community of faith has stood out as a major avenue for transmitting behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the church in enhancing the change of antisocial behaviors among youths in Deliverance churches, Njiru Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives: to assess the influence of church programs on alcohol abuse behavior change among youths in Deliverance Churches of Kenya, Njiru Sub-County, Nairobi; to examine the influence of church programs on bullying behavior change among youths in Deliverance Churches of Kenya, Njiru Sub-County, Nairobi; to analyze the influence of church programs in promoting aggressive behavior change among youths
in Deliverance Churches of Kenya, Njiru Sub-County, Nairobi; and, to identify the church program that most effectively addresses antisocial behaviors among youths in Deliverance Churches of Kenya, Njiru Sub-County, Nairobi. Aaron Beck’s cognitive behavioral theory guided the study. The study employed a convergent-parallel mixed method research design and adopted purposive sampling technique to select a sample size of 90 youths and 10 youth leaders from 10 Deliverance Churches, Njiru SubCounty. Quantitative data was gathered by use of questionnaires, while qualitative data was gathered using a structured interview guide. Descriptive, correlation, and linear regression models were used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic technique, and the findings displayed in tables and figures. Results showed that discipleship significantly reduced alcohol abuse (β = -0.485, p < .01), while Peer counseling, Bible study, and evangelism showed no significant effects. Discipleship (β = -0.449, p < .01), Bible study (β = -0.225, p < .05), and Evangelism (β = -0.295, p < .05)significantly reduced bullying behavior, while peer counseling had no significant effect. The study showed that Bible (β=.199, t=1.739, p>.05), evangelism (β=.102, t=.794, p>.05, and discipleship (β=−.028, t=−.228, p>.05) had non-significant association with aggressive behavior. Qualitative analysis showed that alcohol abuse and sexual immorality emerged as salient themes as the most challenging antisocial behaviors among the youth in the church. In terms of effectiveness of church programs, discipleship and Bible study stood out as prominent themes. The study concluded that discipleship significantly impacted alcohol abuse and bullying behavior positively. Bible study helped with moral development, but peer counseling and evangelism showed limited effects. The study recommended that church programs should put more emphasis on discipleship as the primary strategy to curb antisocial behavior among the youth in church. Further research should broaden the scope of youth antisocial behaviors to encompass a wider range of behavioral and psychological issues, such as mental health disorders and sexual immorality, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of church programs for youth behavior change.
Servant Leadership, Empowerment, And Church Spiritual Growth in Pentecostal Churches Within Nairobi Metropolitan Counties, Kenya – A Mixed Methods Study
(PAC University, 2025-12-16) Shaasha Isaac
Globally, the church is in dire need of spiritual growth so as to fulfil Christ’s great commission to all believers in accomplishment of evangelism and discipleship mission. Servant leadership
and empowerment of church members is a key element that could be leveraged to trigger church spiritual growth. The general objective of this study was to assess the effect of servant
leadership and empowerment on church spiritual growth in Pentecostal Churches in Kenya within the Nairobi metropolitan counties. The specific objectives of the study entailed: to assess
the effect of stewardship on church spiritual growth; to evaluate the effect of commitment to growth of church members on church spiritual growth; to evaluate the effect of community
building on church spiritual growth; and to establish how empowerment moderates the relationship between servant leadership and church spiritual growth. Qualitatively, the study
explored perceptions of participants on the extent to which church members’ empowerment moderated the relationship between servant leadership and church spiritual growth. The study selected Pentecostal Evangelical Fellowship of Africa; Kenya Assemblies of God, and Full Gospel Churches of Kenya, all under the umbrella of National Council of Churches of Kenya.
The study was guided by servant leadership, empowerment, and spiritual leadership theories. The research was mainly anchored on the pragmatism philosophy. The study employed an
embedded mixed method approach. Descriptive cross-sectional survey research design and exploratory designs were adopted for data collection and analysis. Data collection was
undertaken through questionnaires and interview guides. The target population constituted 2000 church pastors, elders as well as members from which a sample of 333 was obtained
through purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis, where the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29 was used. The results revealed that servant leadership and church spiritual growth had a strong positive relationship with a correlation coefficient of
r=0.707; commitment to growth of people with r=0.665 whereas community building and stewardship had r=0.580 and r=0.450 respectively. Empowerment of church members had a
strongly significant moderating effect in the relationship between servant leadership and church spiritual growth with a p-value of <0.05. Qualitative data analysis was done using thematic
analysis where it was revealed that servant leadership and empowerment were key elements in enhancing church spiritual growth. The study recommended that Pentecostal churches should
embrace servant leadership, strengthen face to face evangelism, enhance volunteer services, promote spiritual formation, collaborate with other churches and improve provision of rewards so as to boost church spiritual growth.
Organizational Culture, Human Capital, Organizational Control and Performance of Kisii and Kakamega County Governments in Kenya
(PAC University, 2025-12-16) Onduso Salome Bosibori
Kenya’s devolved system of governance implementation is in its third cycle since its inauguration in 2010. However, ineffectiveness and inefficiency in management and accountability continue to plague the performance of most county governments as evidenced in audit reports by the Office of Auditor General and the Ethics and AntiCorruption Commission, among other watchdogs. Despite government policies put in place to streamline operations of the county governments, their performance has been critiqued far and wide. Although this has been a subject of inquiry from leadership scholars and practitioners, the place of leadership in creating organizational controls and practical organizational ideals to achieve anticipated goals in county governments remains a grey area, which necessitated an empirical study. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of organizational culture, human capital and organizational control on the performance of Kisii and Kakamega Counties in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the effect of organizational culture on county performance, assess the effect of human capital on county performance, examine the effect of organizational control on county government performance, and determine moderating influence of government policies on the relationship between organizational culture, human capital and organizational control and performance of Kisii and Kakamega county governments in Kenya. The study was anchored on
Institutional Theory, Trait Leadership Theory, Human Capital Theory, and Resourcebased view theory. The study adopted a positivism research philosophy and a cross
sectional survey research design. The target population comprised of Chief officers, Directors and Assistant Director at various ministries, Sub- County administrators and
Members of County Assembly (N=325). To arrive at a statistically sound sample size, the study adopted the Yamane (1967) formula for sample size determination, which
gave a sample size of 136 for Kakamega County and 92 for Kisii County, totalling to 228 respondents. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used to ensure representativeness of the sample population. Given that the study was quantitative in nature, it adopted structured questionnaires in data collection, which were distributed using an online platform (Google Forms). In data analysis, Stata version 15 was used to compute descriptive and inferential statistics. Data were presented in prose form and visualized using tables and figures. Findings from the test of hypothesis using simple linear regression indicated that organizational culture had a statistically significant influence on the performance of Kisii and Kakamega County Governments (p<.05).
Human capital also had a statistically significant effect on performance (p<.05), while organizational control showed a statistically significant association with the performance of the county governments (p<.05). Additionally, government policies had a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between organizational culture, human capital, organizational control, and the performance of Kisii and Kakamega County Governments (p<.05). It is recommended that the county governments of Kisii and Kakamega enhance their organizational culture by promoting innovation, build inclusivity, and minimize political interference. Equally, county government should improve human capital by implementing performance contracting, eliminating political patronage, and investing in innovation and infrastructure. Additionally, county governments should develop well-documented standard operating procedures, ensure regular employee training, and embrace public participation to align policies with citizens’ needs.
Practice of Authentic Leadership on Volunteer Retention And Moderating Effect of Personal Factors In Word of Faith Churches In Kenya
(PAC University, 2025-12-16) Redempta Nthuka Ndambuki
Volunteers play a critical role in sustaining ministry and leadership in many churches in Kenya. The purpose of the study was to investigate the practice of authentic leadership and volunteer retention and explore the moderating effect of personal factors in the Word of Faith churches in Kenya. The research was anchored on authentic leadership theory, social exchange theory, expectancy theory, and social cognitive theory. Quantitative mid-range research analysis, domiciled in positivist philosophy, was used. The target population was 3,357 people, comprising 28
regional overseers, 333 local church pastors, and 3,390 volunteer ministry leaders. The sample size was 336 respondents. Stratified sampling was employed. Structured questionnaires were used to gather data. The moderated regression technique was used to test the study hypotheses. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. Results indicated high levels of self-awareness and relational transparency. Leader self-awareness correlated positively with volunteer retention. Similarly, greater leader self-regulation correlated with increased retention. Additionally, heightened relational transparency predicted significantly higher volunteer retention. Likewise, stronger balanced processing was
associated with increased volunteer retention. The study also revealed that personal factors significantly influenced volunteer retention. Motivation and socialization emerged as the strongest positive predictors. However, there was no significant moderation effect of personal factors in the relationship between authentic leadership and volunteer retention. Authentic leadership wasinstrumental to volunteer retention, alongside a select set of personal factors. It was recommended that the church put the most emphasis on relational transparency and the satisfactionof volunteers’ personal needs.