JA-Department of Community Development

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Open Access
CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION FOR YOUTH-LED FOOD SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA
(Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Art, 2024-01-30) Rogito, Jeremiah
This paper examines the pivotal role of youth in transforming Africa's agri-food systems through creativity and innovation. With over 60% of its population under 25, Africa's youth are instrumental in driving agricultural advancement and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The paper discusses the challenges facing African agriculture, such as limited resource access and low technological adoption, and how young Africans are countering these through innovative solutions like climate-smart agriculture, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology. These technologies not only improve productivity and sustainability but are also vital in adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change. The paper highlights the importance of agritech startups in creating employment opportunities and enhancing supply chain efficiency. It emphasizes the need for supportive policy frameworks, including access to finance, educational integration of modern agricultural technologies, and establishment of agritech incubation centers. The transformative potential of these youth-led initiatives is significant for both food security and economic growth, marking a substantial shift towards a more resilient and prosperous African agriculture sector.
Open Access
Mainstreaming corporate social responsibility for environmental and social development in Kenya
(PAC University journal of arts and social sciences, 2016-01-01) Nyaga, Rahab N.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been viewed as businesses giving back to society and companies managing their processes and conducting business in a way that will not harm society or the environment. Mainstreaming CSR for environmental and social development means that companies integrate environmental and social concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with stakeholders on a voluntary basis. In Kenya, CSR is a relatively recent phenomenon and many organisations are yet to figure out how to incorporate it in business. The literature reviewed in this paper is on CSR and how it can be mainstreamed for both environmental and social development. The theory that informs this study is the systems theory, which brings out interdependence and interconnectedness, both of which indicate that taking care of environmental and social development is vital for business success. This was a descriptive study that utilised questionnaires and in-depth interviews to collect data. The findings established that CSR is the key vehicle that organisations use to address social and environmental concerns. There is however need for awareness and training to ensure that CSR is mainstreamed and that funds address key concerns in society.
Open Access
Professional Development in Monitoring and Evaluation and Result Utilization in Meru Region in Kenya
(2016-09-01) Kithinji, Cavens; Kidombo, Harriet; Gakuu, Christopher
This study was carried out to determine the influence of professional development in Monitoring and result utilization in Meru Region; Kenya. Pragmatic approach was used to lay foundation for a mixed mode approach in methodology thus allowing for both descriptive and inferential analysis of data. The study targeted employees working in project organizations in the region and had an experience of over two years. The sample size was 218. In general, the study noted high level of M&E results utilization at project level by project employees and that Professional development activities were being carried in the region at moderate extent. Together, all activities carried out to develop professionalism in M&E had a positive high correlation thus concluding that they have influence on the actual utilization of M&E result. The study established that a unit increase in professional development in the region result to 43.6% increase in M&E result utilization. It was recommended that more of professional development activities in M&E be undertaken to include even other users of M&E result outside the Project organization to maximize on the evaluation results in order to justify the resources used in carrying M&E in organizations
Open Access
Resource allocation, evaluational capacity building M&E results utilization among community based organizations in Meru region in Kenya
(2016-01-01) Cavens, K.; Gakuu, C; Kidombo, H;
Building capacity for evaluation has become a big concern in the effort of ensuring that evaluations are meaningful. Part of this capacity includes making sure that M&E activities have resources needed to carry them out. This study sought to establish the influence of allocating resources for M&E activities on the utilization of M&E result at the project level in Kenya’s Meru Region. The study used a mixed mode approach in methodology and it was both a descriptive survey and a cross-sectional survey and used both descriptive and inferential analysis of the data collected.. The study sampled 186 respondents from a targeted population of 430 employees working in community based organizations in the region. The study showed that resources were allocated for various M&E activities to a great extent. The study also noted high level of M&E results utilization at project level by project employees and all the indicators of resources allocation had positive correlation with M&E result utilization. It was noted that for every unit increase in resource allocation, there was an increase of 26.1% in M&E result utilization score which is a percentage that would justify allocating resources for M&E activities by project organizations.
Open Access
Youth: The Under-utilized Resource in Ministry
(The International Journal Of Humanities & Social Studies, 2017-11-01) Bariu, Richard Mutura
The contribution and abilities of young people herein referred to as the youth is under-researched especially as regards their contribution in ministry. They are only appendages to adult ministry. This paper is in two parts. The first part of the paper proposes a review of the youth as emerging adults with immense energy, creativity, capability, knowledge, talent and gifting that can be utilized to serve ministry needs as productive members of society. In this part we look at the African conception of youth spirituality, the youth as mobilized resource that can push ministries to new heights, and how youth who are technologically savvy can increase visibility of churches and participate in the great commission. In the second part of this paper we propose a way forward that can help mainstream the youth resource in the mission of the church. We propose the following strategic engagements for optimal utilization and involvement of youth in ministry: a) Strengthen youth public policy making skills, b) Research-based youth ministry, c) youth as a key stakeholder in ministry, d) Broad-based youth ministry curricula and programs and e) youth volunteerism.
Open Access
Evaluation Capacity Building and Improvement of Monitoring and Evaluation practice among NonGovernmental Organizations in Central Eastern Counties of Kenya
(European scientific Journal, 2019-03-01) Kithinji, Cavens
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in projects management is an expensive but critical process that needs careful implementation because of its role in providing information necessary for decision making, planning, and policy formulation. This importance has occasioned the need to look into the quality of M&E process and a lot of effort has been put into building capacity of M&E stakeholders in projects and programs. The goal of this study was to establish evaluation capacity building (ECB) efforts and the influence of the same on general M&E practice among non-governmental organization in central eastern counties of Kenya. The study was guided by pragmatism paradigm to conduct a descriptive survey. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain the sample studied. A structured questionnaire with Likert-type questions, anchored on a five-point scale was used to collect primary data which was triangulated using data from interviews. The findings were that organisations in the region are doing a number of unstructured activities to build evaluation capacity which are done in varying degrees, these activities had influence on M&E practice. The study recommends organizations to invest in ECB activities especially those that build capacity in M&E professional development and building M&E support structures because these were perceived to contribute more to improved M&E practice. However they need to be systematized and balanced in addressing the M&E capacity need. Organizations needs to put more resources into. There is also a need to establish and test an ECB model that would be used in a simple in the region.
Open Access
Methodological Limitations on the Implementation of Adult Basic Education Curriculum in Kenya
(Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 2017-10-01) Nzinga, Edward
The objective of this paper is to explore methodological constraints affecting curriculum implementation of adult basic and literacy education in Kenya. The study used descriptive survey research design and was based on the conceptual framework embracing four main theories namely: - Adult learning theory, Mezirow‘s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Systems Theory and Reference Group Theory. The units of analysis were 424 Adult Education Learning Centres. The study population was 181 Adult Literacy teachers. The targeted populations were 54 teachers.. The researcher used both Stratified and saturated random sampling to pick out a corresponding sample. The instruments of data collection were questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in one adult education centre and reliability co-efficient of 0 .745 which indicated that the instruments were reliable were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman ―Brown Prophesy Formula‖. Two experts were used to validate the instruments. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study were: almost all of the adult education teachers had no understanding of the specific adult education teaching methods of Andragogy, Geragogy/Eldergogy and Metagogy. They therefore majored on the use of pedagogy similar to that used in primary and secondary school and this definitely had adverse effects on the overall and implementation of the Curriculum.
Open Access
Problems Facing Adult Education Center Managers and District Adult and Continuing Education Officers n the Implementation of Adult Basic Education and Training Curriculum in Machakos County
(International Journal of Education and Research, 2016-01-01) Nzinga, Edward K.
A review of all of the available evaluation studies of adult literacy programs in Third World settings revealed that poor program design and implementation are the causes of inefficiency. Adult education in Machakos County is bedevilled by inadequate teaching staff, funds and facilities; unskilled part-time teachers among others. This raises a lot of concern and challenge especially to Adult Centre managers and District Adult Education and Continuing Education Officers who are charged with the responsibility of ensuring the success of the Adult education programs. The purpose of the study was to explore problems facing adult education centre managers and district adult and continuing education officers in the implementation of adult basic education and training curriculum in Machakos County. Objectives were to: establish constraints of Adult Education Centre Managers on their understanding of their role in adult education; and identify problems facing District Adult and Continuing education officers in the monitoring and supervision of adult education programmes. The study used descriptive survey research design and was based on the conceptual framework embracing four main theories namely:- Adult learning theory, Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Systems Theory and Reference Group Theory. The units of analysis were 424 Adult Education Learning Centers. The study population was 424 Managers of Adult Education Centers, and 8 District Adult and Continuing Education (DACEO’s). The targeted populations were 128 Managers and 8 Adult Education Officers. The researcher used both Stratified and saturated random sampling to pick out a corresponding sample. The instruments of data collection were questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in one adult education Centre and reliability co-efficient of 0 .745 which indicated that the instruments were reliable were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman “Brown Prophesy Formula”. Two experts were used to validate the instruments. Data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study were: the perceptual constraints of adult education learners on implementation of adult education in were:-unwillingness of the learners to pay for the program, a negative perception of the program, a marked sense of skepticism about adult education, and lack of conviction about the benefits of the program. It was concluded that there indeed existed perceptual, managerial, methodological and monitoring and supervisory constraints facing curriculum implementation of adult education programs in Machakos County. It was recommended that efforts be made to destigmatize the program and funds be availed. It was suggested that further research be conducted on stigma, low men enrolment and policy framework.
Open Access
An Examination of Factors Determining Access to Free Primary Education in Mitaboni Zone Kathiani Division, Machakos District, Kenya
(International Journal of Education and Research, 2016-01-01) Nzinga, Edward K.
With the re-introduction of the Free Primary Education (FPE) by the Kenyan Government in January 2003, it was expected that all children of Primary school going age would be enrolled in school. But, after the re-introduction of FPE there are still an estimated 2 million children and youth who remain out of school. This raises concern. The purpose of the study was to examine the factors determining access to FPE in Mitaboni zone, Kathiani division, Machakos district, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: find out the factors determining access to FPE; investigate on the effect of factors on FPE and to establish the cause of action to be taken. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The Production Function Theory was used in the study. The units of analysis were the Primary schools. Data was analyzed using descriptive techniques and zero order correlation analysis. The findings of the study showed that the factors determining access in FPE in Mitaboni zone were: school financial obligations, poverty and malnutrition, cultural factors overcrowded classes, pregnancies, early marriages and child labour demands. It was discovered that the multiple correlation, between the independent variables and the FPE was 0.999 and the coefficient of multiple determination, R2, was 0.997.Conclusions drawn from the study showed that FPE in Mitaboni zone is yet to be realized. It was recommended that the Government should provide relevant curriculum, physical facilities and bear all the costs of Primary education, double streaming of schools and punishing of Parents who do not take their children to school. There is a corresponding need for more research in this area in other zones and similar comparative study between urban and rural zones.
Open Access
The Perceptual Constraints of Adult Learners on the Implementation of Adult Basic Education Programs in Kenya
(Scholars Bulletin, 2017-07-01) Nzinga, Edward K.
The objective establishes the perceptual constraints of adult learners on the implementation of adult basic education programs. The study used descriptive survey research design and was based on the conceptual framework embracing four main theories namely: - Adult learning theory, Mezirow‟s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Systems Theory and Reference Group Theory. The units of analysis were 424 Adult Education Learning Centres. The study population was 7104 adult education Learners. The targeted populations were 2304 Learners. The researcher used both Stratified and saturated random sampling to pick out a corresponding sample. The instruments of data collection were questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in one adult education centre and reliability co efficient of 0 .745 which indicated that the instruments were reliable were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman “Brown Prophesy Formula”. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings show that if 2.92 (58.40%) of learners were asked to pay for adult education studies, he/she would gladly do so. Adult education programs suffer from stigmatization and hence potential learners find it almost an embarrassment to be involved in the program as attested by the score of 3.35 (67.04%). When an adult learner listens to what others say about adult education the adult learner felt encouraged to continue with the program. Every effort should be done by all the stakeholders in adult and continuing basic education to either reduce or get rid of the stigma associated with adult education since this affects both the learners and those that are charged with its supervision and monitoring.
Open Access
African Democratic Education Revisited
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Chiroma, Jane Adhiambo
Open Access
The Consequences of Taking Advantage of a Brothers' Misfortune
(Langham Publisher, 2020-01-01) Thuo, Peter Kamande
Open Access
Digital Cash Payment and Accessibility of Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Program in Matungulu Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya
(The International Journal of Social and Development Concerns, 2020-11-01) Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege; Mavole, Johnson Nzau; Odera, Beatrice Akoth
This study examined digital functionality of Inua Jamii cash transfer dynamics in Matungulu Sub-county in Machakos County, Kenya. A concurrent mixed method was utilized, particularly descriptive survey and an exploratory research designs were used. Study respondents included Inua Jamii cash transfer program beneficiaries and service providers. Sample size of 365 was calculated from the Slovin’s formula (n = N / [1 + N (e)2]). Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and presented through verbatim. From the findings, it emerged that there weren’t adequate pay points in respondents’ area. This was indicated by 57.8% (193) of the respondents. Most of the respondents had to commute for a distance between 1 Km and 6Km before they could get to their preferred pay point. Majority of the respondents felt secure transacting through the digital modes of transfer as opposed to the conventional cash payment. It emerged from the study that cases of hijacking had reduced as a result of digitalization of cash transfer. In digital withdrawal, it was either the beneficiaries or someone they have entrusted with their password who could withdraw their monthly cash transfer funds from their accounts. From the findings, 72.3% (243) of the respondents involved in the study affirmed that their information was safe with the banks. This study concluded that digital cash transfer payment mode had greatly influenced the Inua Jamii cash transfer program with a majority of service users appreciating the technology which to a great extent had reduced some of the security risks experienced and time spent on withdrawal of the program funds. The study recommended the government to increase the amount of monthly cash given to the beneficiaries of CTP.
Open Access
Digital Literacy and Online Child Abuse among Primary School Children in Langata Sub-county, Nairobi City County in Kenya
(International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 2021-07-30) Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege; Mavole, Johnson Nzau; Nzau, Mumo
Kenya introduced Digischool to public primary schools to prepare children for today's digital world attracting a cyber-threat landscape. Utilising a descriptive crosssectional design within a concurrent mixed approach, the study examined the relationship between digital literacy intervention and online child abuse among primary school children in Langata sub-county. Targeted, were children between 9 and 17 years from private and public primary schools, teachers, parents and policy makers, and child protection officers. Godden¶s formula informed purposive and random sampling of 384 respondents, plus a 10% (423) respondents for Key Informant interviews and focused discussions. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics and content analysis with the help of SPSS version 22 and Nvivo version 12 respectively. The study revealed stakeholders intervened in online child abuse at various levels using several strategies. The study revealed a significant relationship between the type of school and exposure online. Since the p-value (0.000) was less than alpha (0.05) and we conclude there was a significant relationship between the type of school and exposure to online child abuse. There is a need for systems thinking and a concerted multi-sectoral approach to the improvement of digital literacy hence protecting children online.
Open Access
Farmers’ Dairy Practices as a Constraint Facing Small-Scale Dairy Farmers in Cheborge in Kericho County, Kenya
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES, 2018-10-01) Kirui, Janet Chelangat; Owuor, Bethwel; Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege
Achieving food security is part of the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In Kenya, agriculture is the mainsource of livelihood particularly dairy farming among other agricultural practices. However, farming is a bit constrained by a number of factors leading to low milk production. This study was an enquiry into the socio-economic constraints facing small scale dairy farmers in Cheborge, Kericho County in Kenya. The study was guided by the sustainable livelihood framework. The study was dominantly qualitative and adopted a descriptive research design. A sample size of 109 farmers, representing 20% of the 545 households was selected using stratified sampling. Another ten key respondents were selected through purposive sampling, bringing the total number of respondents to 119. Data was collected through questionnaires and focused group discussion schedules. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The study revealed that educated farmers have more productive farms which were attributed to their ability to adopt new agricultural technology. The study also found out that farming practices affect milk production to the extent that those who practice zero grazing produce more milk than those who practice open grazing. The study further revealed that access to loans had an effect in dairy production because those who had access invested in more superior dairy cows and implements like chaff cutters. It was therefore recommended that both illiterate and semi-illiterate farmers need to be engaged in informal dairy farming education forums by the local Dairy Boards. It was also recommended that farmers embrace modern farming methods for maximum production. Membership in a cooperative society was more beneficial to famers than nonmembership. There is need for value addition on milk before it is sold to milk the milk processors. In this way, the farmers will get more value for their produce. It was further recommended that farmers join ROSCAS/SACCOS from where they could save and borrow money because majority of them could not access the traditional bank loans due to lack of collateral among other requirements. The study recommended that further studies be carried out to establish other possible causes of low milk production and to also investigate on the failure rate of Artificial Insemination technology.
Open Access
Gender Mainstreaming Strategies and Women Political Participation in Kibwezi East Constituency of Makueni County in Kenya
(International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2019-09-01) Mutinda, Daniel Kyalo; Ndung’u, Anne Ng’endo; Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege
The study was carried out in Kibwezi East Constituency of Makueni County based on the following objectives; to examine awareness of existing gender mainstreaming legislations on women political participation, to assess the influence of formal education on women political participation and to establish the relationship between economic empowerment and women political participation in Kibwezi East Constituency. The study was underpinned by Marxist Feminist Theoryand Butler Gender Relations Theory. The target population for the study included women aged 18 years and above from Masongaleni County Assembly Ward, randomly selected from the Constituency. A correlational research design was adopted to execute the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents. Yamane sample calculation (Israel, 1992) was used to determine the sample size. The study used closed and open ended questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 20.0. The data was summarized through correlational analysis; frequencies, means, percentages, and some inferential statistics. Correlation and regression analysis was undertaken to analyze the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Sixty three percent (63%) of the respondents exhibited awareness of some form of gender mainstreaming policies. Respondents agreed that, education increases women participation in politics with a mean of 2.52. Financial wellbeing doesn’t increase women participation in political discussions and debates and women with high income are not likely to attend political meetings with a mean of 2.43 and 2.23 respectively. From the analysis it emerged that equality of access to and attainment of educational qualifications is necessary if more women are to become agents of change. Education of women contributes to gender equality in the areas of political economy. The findings revealed that formal education was a significant predictor of women political participation. This implied that women with higher education are most likely to participate in politics. Further the study showed that there was no significant relation between economic empowerment and political participation. This implied that, increase in economic status did not necessarily lead to the likelihood of political participation. The study concluded that more awareness of gender mainstreaming legislation gender equality in terms of women's economic empowerment did not necessarily lead to women political participation. We concluded also that economic empowerment of women did not necessarily lead to the enhancement of political participation of women. The researchers recommend the need for increased awareness to boost women's empowerment. Motivation for women to get educated as it builds confidence for women to participate in politics. Finally, strict adherence and implementation of the 2010 Kenyan constitution since it is gender-responsive.
Open Access
Influence of Community Participation in Water Resource Management in Luanda K’otieno Beach in Rarieda Sub County, Siaya County Kenya
(The International Journal of Social and Development Concerns, 2019-10-01) Oguta, Costa Juma; Kavulya, Joseph; Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege
There is concern over the future of the world’s water resources due to rapid growth of human population and human activities such as deforestation, pollution which has led to water being scarce. This has made water resource management to become a topic which need to be discussed. In order to ensure Water resource management is sustained then integration across sectors is required and to place the emphasis on the community participation. The objective of the study was to examine the influence of community participation in managing the water resource of Luanda K’Otieno Beach, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design and data collection involved administration of questionnaires to respondents. Results from the study indicated that majority of the community members in Luanda K’Otieno beach were not involved in water resource management however majority of the community members were willing to participate in water resource management because there was great desire among community members to have reliable access to clean and safe water. The study concluded that there was generally low community participation in water resource management of Luanda K’Otieno beach. This was largely due to perceived dysfunctional beach management committee that was not doing its coordination role effectively and low levels of awareness on the importance of water resource management. The study recommended that there should be deliberate efforts by the County Government of Siaya through the department of fisheries to streamline the management of Luanda K’Otieno beach to address challenges with leadership and management challenges. In addition the beach management unit should mobilize and sensitize the community members around the beach on the importance of conservation of the water resources and why it is important that the such conservation efforts incorporates all members of the community.
Open Access
Joint Venture Financing and Development Of Housing Construction Projects in Kilimani Ward, Nairobi County
(The International Journal of Social and Development Concerns, 2019-10-01) Wangora, Michael; Mavole, Johnson; Muhingi, Wilkins
Exponential growth of the urban areas has been brought about by the migration of people flocking into cities in search of better economic opportunities, better healthcare and the promise of a better life. This rapid urbanization has brought pressure on the delivery of affordable housing which is reliant on the various models of housing finance. Mortgage financing and commercial bank institutions have been on the forefront in the provision of financial services to developers for various types of housing developments. However, the housing construction development in Nairobi has been challenged by bureaucratic red tape on the provision of funds by these commercial banking institutions. Delayed disbursement of funds for housing construction due to very stringent conditions based on macro-economic, risk, stakeholder competence and regulatory variables has become a norm and outcome. Joint venture financing is thus becoming a feasible housing finance alternative This study sought to examine the relationship between; the macro-economic factors, risk perceptions, project team competence, legal and regulatory framework, that directly and indirectly influence the adoption of the joint venture financing option towards the development of housing. The research design used in this study was survey research design. Stratified random sampling was used to select the sample size to ensure representativeness. The population size for this study was 1516 stakeholders. Data was collected from 73 respondents from the Kilimani ward using an online based questionnaire. Only 58 respondents provided feedback to the questionnaires. Secondary data was obtained from academic papers, journals and published reports from government agencies. The result was presented using charts, frequencies and percentages. The study recommends that the government enhances the formulation and implementation of feasible and sustainable frameworks; economic, fiscal and land policies that will be all inclusive to the stakeholders of the housing and construction sector. Capacity building by, establishment of training and knowledge centers which will address the generic joint venture issues. The issues include; standardization of joint ventures contracts, determination of ownership structures, control elements of the joint venture, risks mitigation approaches from operational, technical and strategic points, and knowledge sharing of the current building technologies that are more efficient, less costly and faster to build. We can also bring in the industry best practices on what requirements are required when tapping the various competencies of the various team members to ensure that the entire fit is working in synergy.
Open Access
Provision of Clinical Services on the Well-Being of Inmates in Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services: A Case of Harare Central Prison, Harare Province, Zimbabwe
(The International Journal of Social and Development Concerns, 2020-09-01) Mutsago, Simbarashe Kelvin; Sitawa, Michael Mugah; Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege
This study aimed to investigate the provision of clinical services on the wellbeing of inmates with life-threatening illnesses in Harare Central Prison, Zimbabwe. The study objective was to explore the extent to which the provision of clinical services has affected the well-being of inmates with life-threatening illnesses. Inadequate provision of healthcare services in prisons attribute as life-threatening. Therefore, the study aimed at improving the welfare of inmates through advocacy and participation of the prison systems to enhance healthcare services. The study utilised a qualitative approach and a case study design through the reference of a transformative worldview paradigm. The units of observation for this study were the prison officials in charge of healthcare services in the prison, and the units of analysis were inmates who have been diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses. The sample size was 13 interviewees which were obtained through purposive sampling and data saturation. Self-administered in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Thematic analysis was applied for data analysis and study findings were discussed and presented in the form of narrations. From the findings, the researcher found out that the Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services cannot contain life-threatening illnesses. The dignity of such patients is highly recognised and thus such cases are special cases in which compassionate release is well observed. Through lack of funding from the government, the prison faces severe shortages of medicines, vital drugs, insufficient equipment and nutrition for supporting its overall inmate population. The study found out that there is no specific special diet for inmates with life-threatening illnesses but instead they feed on fad diet which slows down the healing process. The study concluded that the inmate population whose care needs palliative attention is vulnerable since they have limited options. Also, overcrowding and poor ventilation is a major concern which has accelerated spreading of communicable diseases. The study recommended unrestricted clinical independence between prison healthcare providers and inmates, introducing fulltime trauma-informed care and self-help groups in prisons that cut across all illnesses and enhancing open door policies which attract more funding from outsiders and relevant partners.
Open Access
Participatory Strategies by PBOs on Street Children’s Well-Being in Mathare Sub County in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2019-09-01) Odoyo, Mercy Akinyi; Kavulya, Joseph; Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege
Rehabilitation Programmes are necessary for helping in reducing the number of street children in Kenyan cities. With the number on the rise despite the many rehabilitation programmes across cities worldwide and particularly in Mathare SubCounty where this study is anchored. This study sort to evaluate the influence of participatory strategy by PBOs on the Street Children’s wellbeing in Mathare Sub-county. The study is guided by participatory approach theory and seeks to answer the question, to what extent are participatory programs effective in rehabilitating these street children? In order to address the objective of the study, a descriptive research design was used. A sample determination formula was used to establish a sample size of 92 respondents from a target population of 120 staff members and 20 selected street children under rehabilitation. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection were employed. Both Close-ended questionnaires and interview guides were employed. For quantitative, the Cronbach’s alpha technique was used to ensure reliability of research instruments while validity used pilot testing and reviews. Further, the study used Systematic random and purposive sampling methods and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the quantitative data. The findings revealed that out of the 120 staffs who participated in the research 68.8% on average agree that participatory approach strategy was significant to the wellbeing of street children in rehabilitation centers in Mathare Sub-County. In conclusion, it is essential at participatory level for street children to be involved in planning and execution of programmes in the community as part of the stakeholders. We recommend that The PBOs should establish structured mentorship Program consisting of graduates of the rehabilitation program, who have gone on to be success stories or have displayed great transformation in their lives and reintegrated well in the community since graduating from the program. The goal here is to be able to demonstrate to present candidates that participatory strategy in rehabilitation programs contributes not only achievable change but also sustainable.

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