JA-School of Leadership, Business & Technology

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Open Access
Factors Influencing Teachers’ Active Involvement in Continuous Professional Development: A Survey in Trans Nzoia West District, Kenya
(International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2013-05) David, Magdalene Ndeto; Bwisa, Prof. Henry M
Economies in the world are becoming increasingly knowledge based and the need to have continued learning of individuals has become more necessary than ever before, raising the concern for employees and employers to ensure lifelong education. This research studies continuous professional development of teachers who are employees of Teachers Service Commission (TSC) in Kenya. The main objective of this study was to establish the factors which influence teachers’ active involvement in continuous professional development. The target population of this study comprised the county director TSC, district education officer (D.E.O) and the quality assurance and standards officer (DQASO) and 57 secondary school teachers in Trans Nzoia West district in Kenya making a sample size of 60. Questionnaires and interview schedule were used to collect data. The researcher used descriptive statistics and the results were presented in frequency distribution tables which the researcher used for interpretation. The findings from this study showed that few teachers were actively involved in continuous professional development in the district and that the work environment does not support teachers’ involvement in continuous professional development.
Open Access
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON TEFF IN ETHIOPIA
(African Crop Science Journal, 2014) YUMBYA, J; VAATE, BIJ DE; KIAMBI, D; KEBEBEW, F
The value of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for assessing climate change impacts on crop productivity cannot be over-emphasised. This study evaluated a GIS based methodology for teff (Eragrostis tef) production in Ethiopia. We examined the spatial implications of climate change on areas suitable for teff, and estimated the effects of altered environments on teff’s productivity. There was a non-linear relationship between suitability indices, the output of spatial analysis and teff yield data collected from diverse ecological zones. This served as the basis for country-wide crop yield analysis for both current and future climate scenarios. To complement this effort, a socio-economic survey was carried with a thrust of understanding the agricultural activities in the study area. With the current climatic conditions, 87.7% of Ethiopia is suitable for teff. On the other hand, approximately 67.7% of Ethiopia is expected to be suitable for teff production by 2050. Suitability index (SI) and the actual crop yield data showed a strong positive correlation (r = 74%). There is a predicted severe drop in teff yield (-0.46t ha-1) by the year 2050. Based on the current area under teff in Ethiopia, this equals an overall reduction in national production of about 1,190,784.12 t, equivalent to a loss of US$ 651 million to farmers. The results indicate that crop yield varied significantly as a function of climatic variation and that the model is applicable in assessing the impact of climate change on crop productivity at various levels taking into consideration spatial variability of climate.
Open Access
Mainstreaming and revitalising women groups in agribusiness in rural Kenya through Microfinance
(PAC University journal of arts and social sciences, 2016-01-01) Bwire, John Peter
The purpose of this paper is to mainstream and revitalise women groups in small scale agriculture and business in Kenya. In terms of gender, this paper assumes that in Kenya, women are the majority involved in rural market economy at every shopping centre. Some of the women in the rural areas are widows, single mothers, separated and sole bread earners, yet disempowered economically. The objective of the study was to establish how women groups can be given focus as the main players in agribusiness in rural Kenya. This focus was embedded in the mitigation products of microfinance, which has proved worldwide to break shackles of poverty, and gender based cultural barriers that demean women. The aim was to empower rural women financially by sensitising them to access microfinance services; to expand their economic base in business and improve agricultural productivity. Data collection involved both primary and secondary sources. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used. Questionnaires, focus group discussions (FDG), and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. Qualitative method of data analysis was used and data was synthesised thematically according to the study objectives. The use of quantitative analysis was mainly for illustrative purposes because the study was purely qualitative and descriptive in nature. The study found out that most women groups operate under financial and cultural constrains and needed more economic empowerment through micro finance to be effective.
Open Access
Relevance of Master of Business Administration programme to selected organisations in Kenya
(PAC University journal of arts and social sciences, 2016-01-01) Mwanthi, Titus; Kalele, Dorcas
The corporate world is continuously seeking to employ highly qualified Master of Business Administration (MBA) graduates from the best universities. The research on which this paper was based sought to establish relevance of the MBA programme in corporate Kenya. The research studied one hundred MBA students from five selected universities and forty employees from five selected companies. The research used descriptive design and purposive and systematic sampling. Data was collected through structured questionnaires. It was then analysed using SPSS and presented through charts, graphs and tables. The study found that the MBA programme was relevant to corporate organisations and equipped graduates with relevant leadership skills at places of work. However, some MBA programmes did not address specific industrial needs and some curricula lacked experiential learning. The study recommended introduction of experiential learning, mentorship, use of local case studies and addressing specific industrial needs.
Open Access
Relationship between marketing practices and firm performance: Case of clothing and footwear SMEs in Makueni County, Kenya
(PAC University journal of arts and social sciences, 2016-01-01) Nthenge, Daniel Mulinge
Small and medium sized business experience has enabled many big companies to flourish. Studies have established that currently, many school leavers have found these businesses a major stepping-stone to counter long periods wasted before job acquisition or before any further training. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between marketing practices adopted by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Makueni County, Kenya, and the firms’ performance in the clothing and footwear sector. The data for this study was collected using a structured questionnaire comprising both open-ended and close-ended questions. The questionnaire was administered through personal interviews with respondents who were owners of clothing and footwear stalls or shops in Makueni County. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses. Both hypotheses were rejected as only one variable of hypothesis one was supported since hypothesis one is depending upon seven variables, the fifth variable (advertising) shows the significant relationship with firm’s performance. Hence, the study recommends that clothing and footwear firms should adopt new strategies, which may help to overcome the lacking in their marketing activities, which have overall impact on firm’s performance.
Open Access
Influence of Communities of Practices on the Performance of Universities in Kenya
(International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 2017-10) Ndeto, Magdalene; Nzulwa, Dr. Joyce; Kamaara, Dr. Mary; Ombui, Dr. Kepha
Communities of practice are characterized by social association where employees share acquired knowledge. Organizations are increasingly providing Communities of Practice with resources to improve the exchange and flow of knowledge and information. The objective of the study seeks to establish the influence of communities of practice on the performance of universities in Kenya. The study used descriptive research design and a simple random sampling to select a sample of heads of departments from the chartered universities in Kenya. The unit of analysis was the chartered universities in Kenya and the unit of observation 12 chartered universities and the respondents were the heads of department. The study collected data from a sample size of 179 by use of questionnaire. The analysis showed a correlation coefficient of a 0.307 and a coefficient of determination R square (R2) of 0.1554 at a 0.05 significance level. The study concluded that there was a significant relationship between communities of practice and performance of universities. The study recommends that university management should support the communities of practice in order to improve performance of universities. The improved performance gives a university a competitive advantage over the other universities.
Open Access
Influence of Mentoring on the Performance of Universities in Kenya
(International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 2017-10) Ndeto, Magdalene; Nzulwa, Dr. Joyce; Kamaara, Dr. Mary; Ombui, Dr. Kepha
Tacit knowledge is acquired through experience and can be shared through several forms like on the job training, mentoring, coaching, communities of practices, peer assistance and knowledge sharing forums. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of mentoring on the performance of universities in Kenya. The study used descriptive research design and a simple random sampling to select a sample of heads of departments from the chartered universities in Kenya. The unit of analysis was the chartered universities in Kenya and the unit of observation 12 chartered universities and the respondents were the heads of department.. The sample size was 179. Data collection was done through questionnaires. The study established that mentoring had a correlation of 0.42 and the coefficient of determination R square (R2) was 0.176 and R was 0.419 at a 0.05 significance level correlation. Therefore the study concluded that mentoring programs had a significant influence on the performance of universities in Kenya. The study recommends that the organizations which desire to to improve their performance should embrace mentoring as a practice of knowledge sharing.
Open Access
Evaluation of Peer Assistance among Academic Staff of Universities in Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2018-02) Ndeto, Magdalene; Mwania, Paul
The paper evaluates the extent to which peer assistance is practiced in learning institutions in a case study of universities in Kenya. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the extent to which academic staff in universities share the acquired knowledge through peer assistance. The study was carried out in the charted universities as the unit of analysis and the heads of departments has the unit of observation. A sample size of 179 heads of departments was selected and data was collected from 155 respondents. The data was collected by use of questionnaires. The study established that peer assistance was taking place in universities although 59% the academic staff were unwilling to share the acquired knowledge. Unwillingness to share knowledge and lack of structured peer assistance among the academic staff were the leading challenges to the low level of peer assistance in universities. The study recommends creating an awareness of the importance of peer assistance in the learning institutions.
Open Access
The Role of Self-Efficacy in Self-Leadership
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES, 2018-07) Sambu, John K.
This paper explains the role of self-efficacy in addressing the deficiencies in self-leadership using theories of leadership, principles of management and self-leadership. This paper adopted a qualitative approach using secondary sources as a method of collecting data. The research found out that people with low self-efficacy maintain a negative self-evaluation to gain a sense of control over themselves, their emotions and maintain low levels of distress and existential anxiety as explained in the cognitive experiential self-theory. It was also found that people with deficiencies in self-leadership need to build their self-acceptance through reading articles on self-leadership, working closely with mentors, be in relationships with people who will accept them the way they are and leveraging their spirituality. The most influential factor influencing self-efficacy was found to be personal performance accomplishments. Proposals for developing self-efficacy were identified as mastery of experiences, social persuasion, social modelling and psychological responses. This paper is not exhaustive and is left open for further research.
Open Access
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON MICRO AND SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISE CHARACTERISTICS WHICH INFLUENCE ACCESS TO BUSINESS LOANS
(Review of Business and Technology Research, 2019) Banu, Fazeela; Bore, Magdalene
The development of any economy requires financial services especially credit services. Saving facilities are also key in the generation of a start capital for small business. Many financial institutions have tried to bring the money lending business and services closer to the customers but the rate of taking loans among the micro and small enterprises owners has not been as per the expectation with many business owners preferring the informal money lending institutions than the convectional banks or microfinance institutions. The study explored the Micro and Small business Characteristics which influenced the access to loans by the enterprise owners form money lending institutions. The study was guided by the following study objective; - To determine the Micro and Small enterprise characteristics which influence business loans access in a case study of Gikomba Market. The study was carried out in Nairobi biggest open market Gikomba. The study used descriptive research design and a sample size of 370 business owners since the market has over 10,000 business owners. The target population was divided into strata of wholesalers, retailers, service delivery and restaurants. The sampled respondents were selected randomly from each strata giving all the participants equal opportunity of participation. Data collection was done through questionnaire and interview guides. The gathered data was analyzed and presented in pie charts and frequency distribution tables and conclusion and recommendations were made based on the analyzed data.
Open Access
The role of change leadership on the transformation of the Kenya Police Service
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2019-01) Mutungi, M M; Minja, D.; Njoroge, Gladys G.
The Kenya Police Service as an organization has been undergoing through a process of transforming itself with a view to becoming a more reliable and accountable organization. This study aimed at understanding the role of change leadership towards the transformation of the Kenya Police service. Data was collected by administering questionnaires to the employees across all the ranks in the Kenya Police service based in the Police headquarters. A sample size of 309 was arrived at using proportional allocation through a stratified sampling method. A response rate of 89% was realized. Descriptive statistics were used to obtain a general understanding of the Kenya Police Service demographic information. Further, inferential statistics such as correlation and regression were used to analyze the data and testing of hypothesis. R2 value of 0.119 implied that 11.9% of the organizational transformation was influenced by change in leadership. These results revealed a significant positive relationship between change leadership and the transformation of the Kenya Police Service. The results presented in this study provide a compelling evidence for the importance of change in leadership towards the efforts of ensuring optimal organizational transformation for better service delivery in the Kenya Police Service.
Open Access
Moderating effect of Organizational Culture on the factors affecting Transformation of the Kenya Police Service
(International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 2019-04) Mutungi, M M; Njoroge, Gladys G.; Minja, D.
The Kenya Police Service as an organization has been undergoing through a process of transforming itself with a view to becoming a more accountable, transparent, humane and responsive body. However, there is nothing much regarding attention that has been given to the role of change leadership, leadership efficacy and organizational culture in transforming an organization. This position explains why many organizational transformation initiatives have failed to yield their desired results. From this study, a random sample size of N=309, from a population of 1349 employees working within the Kenya Police Service headquarters was used to evaluate the moderating effect of organization on change leadership, leadership efficacy in the transformation of the Kenya Police Service. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were conducted to analyze the data. The results of this study indicated a significant positive moderating effect between change leadership, leadership efficacy and organizational transformation in the Kenya Police Service. In terms of contributions and practical implications, insights gained from the findings may be used in proposing leadership and organizational development interventions and future research.
Open Access
Potential of SMS Based Automated Reminders towards Enhancing Adherence to Clinical Instructions for Dementia Patients: A Case of Healthcare Givers
(International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 2019-08-01) Mirenja, Sheilah; Chepken, Christopher
The dementia condition is a growing global challenge in both developed and developing countries. The profound negative effect of dementia; progressive deterioration in memory, thinking and behavior, affects a person’s ability to perform everyday activities including the ability to adhere to treatment or clinical appointment regime. In developed countries, elaborate programs that include carehomes and the use of technologies tailored to the needs of demented persons have been successfully implemented. The rising cases of dementia in developing countries, makes caring for persons with dementia an energy and timeconsuming exercise for the care givers, who in most cases are family. Previous studies have largely focused on evaluating the potential of technology to enhance adherence to clinical instructions for demented persons. Methods: This study focused on designing, implementing and evaluating the outcome of use of SMS based automated reminders for dementia care givers, towards enhancing adherence to clinical instruction for demented persons under their care. Statistical Analysis: Comparison of degree of adherence to clinical appointments before and after introduction of mHealth solution. Results: The outcome the study showed that the use of mobile technology has a positive outcome towards enhancing adherence to clinical instruction for persons with dementia. Conclusion: mHealth technology should be explored through design and implementation of custom-tailored solutions to aid care givers and improve quality of life of persons with dementia.
Open Access
Emotional Intelligence: Does Emotional Intelligence Scores Differ in Variant Nursing Leadership Levels?
(International Journal of Current Aspects, 2019-08-01) Njoroge, Rachel W.; Oginde, David; Agusioma, Nickson L.
In the recent past Emotional intelligence has evoked a lot of attention in leadership. While intelligence quotient and technical skills contribute considerably to leadership, emotional intelligence is the gold standard for leadership. This study explores the differences in emotional intelligence scores between the mid-level managers and of the team leaders. Therefore, a quantitative approach was adopted. Correlational study design was employed to explore the emotional intelligence scores between the two levels of leadership in a private city hospital. An adopted seven- Likert scale emotional intelligent inventory; self-administered tool was used in data collection from the two groups of leaders. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the two groups was generated and correlated, and the standard deviation was identified. The findings of the study demonstrated that the mid-level managers demonstrated higher levels of emotional intelligence score in some facets like flexibility with a standard deviation of 38.1, and optimism with a standard deviation of 17.7. On the contrary, the team leaders demonstrated higher emotional intelligence score on emotional self-control with a standard deviation of 2.1 and an initiative with a standard deviation of 3.5. The conclusion was drawn that, in deed, emotional intelligence is a valuable construct in leadership. The senior leaders had higher emotional intelligence scores than the junior leaders. There is need for further study using variant triangulated tools to measure emotional intelligence comprehensively.
Open Access
The Impact of Collaborative Leadership on Urban Church influence in Africa.
(IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science, 2019-09-12) Ang'ana, Gilbert A.
Over the past few decades, urban cities of Africa have experienced a rise in social, economic, political challenges. Poverty, hunger, ill-health, terrorism, political unrest, and violence are some of the issues still rampant in many African cities even today. Collaborative leadership entails bringing urban churches and other pertinent stakeholders together in collectively addressing the issues facing urban cities of Africa. In this article, we conduct a qualitative systematic review of the existing literature on collaborative leadership and church influence in Africa to elaborate on a theological model on urban church influence. After reviewing several journals articles, books, and pertinent non-journaled cases of collaborative leadership in the context of the urban church in Africa, we identify critical collaborative leadership practices necessary for urban churches in Africa to have successful influence and be a pertinent player in defining and resolving Africa’s urban challenges. These practices include shared control and power, leadership development, and the discipleship experience. We also identify a series of collaborative leadership benefits that are crucial in urban churches in Africa. These benefits include a greater sense of diversity, solidarity, inspiration, and collective strengths. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of adopting collaborative leadership principles for church leaders and practitioners in the context of urban church influence in Africa.
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY
(International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration (IAJHRBA), 2019-10-16) Nderitu, Margaret Wangechi; Ndeto, Dr. Magdalene
Employee productivity is an important consideration for any organizations. The working environment involves several elements that influence on how the employees undertake their work. The recently formed county governments in Kenya have been facing the problem of poor service delivery which can be attributed to employee low productivity. As such, this study set out to understand the work environment and its influence on employee productivity among county governments in Kenya with the NCC being a case study. The general purpose of this study was to identify the influence of the work environment on employee productivity in relation to the NCC. The factors under investigation in this study were crucial to establish: the influence of workplace rewards, importance of training and development, influence supervisor support as well as how physical environment affects employee productivity. The study was anchored on two theories namely; Social exchange theory and affective event theory. The social exchange theory propose that social behavior is as result of exchange process and assume that different individuals make social choices depending on perceived benefits and costs of their decision while affective event theory is underline on a belief that human beings are emotional and that their behavior is guided by emotions and feelings. The study had a target population of 1872 and a sample size of 320 respondents of employees of NCC stationed at the headquarters. This sample was arrived at through stratified random process to allow all County Government employees under different departments to have an equal opportunity to be part and parcel of the selected sample. The study relied on primary data collected by use of the structured questionnaires containing both open ended and closed ended questions. These tools were pre-tested to affirm their reliability and validity. Quantitative data was collected and analyzed using SPSS and presented through frequencies, standard deviation, mean scores and percentage and the information displayed by use of bar charts, graphs and pie charts. The response rate of the study was 71.1%. From the findings of this study it was conclusive that conducive work environment ensures the wellbeing of employees which invariably will enable them exert themselves to their roles with all vigor that may translate to higher productivity. Moreover, it was established that workplace reward, training and development, supervisor support as well as physical working environment had an influence on employees’ productivity. Consequently, it was deemed necessary for the county government to set up a more comprehensive employee reward system and improve on supervisor feedback as well as enhance and integrate employees in decision-making. To further understand the interrelatedness of workplace environment and employees’ productivity, the researcher recommends further studies in areas relating to employees’ productivity, different leadership styles employed in different counties and the impact on the work culture and effects of recruitment and selection.
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
(International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration (IAJHRBA), 2019-10-25) Wairimu, Mary; Ndeto, Dr. Magdalene (PhD)
In Kenya, Pharmaceutical Companies face the challenge of fulfilling the ever-increasing technical need for pharmacists therefore shortage of qualified technical personnel. These companies are faced by the challenge of ever-increasing need of qualified technical personnel; therefore, employee retention becomes a critical strategy for these firms in Kenya. This study sought to establish the influence of HRM strategies on employee retention in pharmaceutical companies in Nairobi City County. The research design adopted was descriptive. Targeted respondents were 42 human resource managers in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies. The study selected a sample of 42 respondents. Questionnaire was the selected data collection tool. Collected data was screened, cleaned, coded, and entered. Analysis of quantitative data was done with the use of descriptive statistics and findings presented using tables, graphs and pie charts. A multiple regression analysis was performed with the aim of establishing the relationship of response and predictor variables. From the findings of the study, it was established that employee recruitment, training, employee engagement, and employee recognition are positively related to employee retention. The study also found that organizations provides clear job descriptions on advertised vacant job positions, all the received applications are reviewed and the suitable candidates are called for interviews, based on the interview and their experience. Job training help employees to clearly understand what fellow employees in other departments do and employer is able to understand the skill base of their staff. Employees who are engaged get involved and interested in their job and there is less likelihood that they will leave their job. Employee recognition promotes great job satisfaction and work enjoyment shown with more time spent on work and less complaints and negative effects like absenteeism and stress are lower. The study recommends pharmaceutical companies to have and establish an employee recruitment process that is used for recruitment purposes. Pharmaceutical companies should ensure that they have established training policies; this ensures training takes place in the organization. Further, each employee should be given an opportunity to be trained. Pharmaceutical companies should put in place strategies of recognizing their employees. Employees should be appreciated for their work from time to time; this helps them to work under minimum supervision to achieve organization’s goals. In addition, pharmaceutical companies need to engage employee in different organization activities such as decision making, this makes employees feel that they matter in the organization hence, enhances employee retention.
Open Access
Mentoring: A Faith Based Relational Leadership Approach in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism in Kenya
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2019-11-30) Mbugua, Charles; Mang'eli, Sammy; Ragui, Mary
The article examines the role that mentoring, a critical relational leadership process would have in preventing and countering violent extremism by first examining the contexts of radicalization into violent extremism and past violent extremist attacks. Youths and adolescents in Kenya have been radicalized into violent extremism with resultant acts of terror that have resulted in; mass fatalities, casualties, destruction of facilities, disruption of livelihoods and business, and creation of immense fear within the public. The first major attack that seemed to have opened this cycle of al Qaeda and al Shabaab-led Jihadist attacks was the August, 1998 twin-bombing of the USA embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Since then, we have had the advent of; al Qaeda, its affiliate al Shabaab, and ISIS attacks rising within the African continent with heavy impacts of death trails, casualties, and destruction. This year, Kenya has suffered a number of attacks targeting both soft and hard targets. Among the soft targets was the attack targeting Dusit Hotel in the upmarket 14 Riverside Complex, which left 21 Kenyans and foreigners dead. By extension there have been a number of IED attacks targeting the security services of Kenya many fatalities and casualties. All these attacks have been executed by violent extremists among who are Kenyan youth who have been recruited and radicalized into violent extremism as an ideology that is leveraged on the Islam religion. This ideology of Jihadism is skewed but uses narratives that easily appeal to those targeted for radicalization. Consequently there is an urgent need to have in place relevant mentoring leadership practice to enhance worldviews and perspectives among youth and adolescents which are in tandem with what a sane world subscribes to. It then becomes imperative to have a faith-based mentoring approach that is devoid of extremism and which gives the pool of those targeted a leadership component. This deliver a countering and preventive relational leadership model enhancing resilience of individuals and communities, while countering narratives and propaganda inherent in the recruitment and radicalization to violent extremism. Following literature review and conceptualization of the variables, this article concludes that preventive and countering violent extremism measures are best deployed first amongst the youth, who form the largest and most vulnerable pool of those targeted for radicalization due to; their crave for an identity, promises of a utopian caliphate on earth and life upon death, poverty, joblessness, presence of ungoverned spaces such as the complex cyber space, and dysfunctional social systems including families.
Open Access
Contemporary Techniques for IS project Risk Management
(2020) Obiria, P. B.
Managing risks in modern businesses is a taxing venture that demand informed strategy for competitive advantage. While risks are inevitable in any IS projects, mitigatingtheir adverse effectsis the aim of all risk managers. A soapbox of mechanisms exist in actualizing effective risk management.Nonetheless, with the dynamic technological change,there isa constant emergenceof new risks hence necessitating newermethods to manage them.This study endeavours to critically review contemporary techniques for IS project management,
Open Access
To Examine the Effects of Self-Awareness on Organization Leadership in Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County, Kenya
(The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2020) Kamaru, Clement Ng’ang’a; Waithima, Wangui; Muigai, Gitau