Theses & Dissertations (TD)

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Open Access
Adaptive Leadership and Performance of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Joseph Opanda Namutala
The study investigated the effect of adaptive leadership on performance of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions (DTMFIs) in Nairobi County. In particular, the study set out to; determine the effect of situational challenges, adaptive leadership behavior, adaptive work, and emotional intelligence on the performance of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County. The main theory that anchored the study was Adaptive leadership theory which was supported by organizational learning theory, balanced score card (BSC) model, and emotional intelligence theory. The study adopted the postpositivist philosophy. The research design was descriptive and explanatory with a target population of 298 senior, middle-level, and lower-level managers drawn from 12 Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County. Primary data was collected using a semistructured questionnaire from 102 out of 169 respondents selected from the target population. Descriptive analysis was done using mean, frequency and standard deviation while inferential analysis was done using correlation and regression analysis. The findings indicated that adaptive leadership had a positive and significant effect on the performance of DTMFIs. Further, it was established that situational challenges, adaptive leadership behavior, adaptive work, and emotional intelligence had positive and significant effect on the performance of DTMFIs in Nairobi County. The study concluded that adaptive leadership had a positive and statistically significant effect on the performance of DTMFIs in Nairobi County. The study therefore recommends that senior, middle-level, and lowerlevel managers should focus on various elements of adaptive leadership for improved performance of DTMFIs in Nairobi County. Further investigation can be done on adaptive work and emotional intelligence in different contexts to find out the consistency of its effect on performance
Open Access
Adolescents’ Attachment to God: A Case of the Anglican Church of Kenya in Roysambu Constituency, Nairobi, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Thiga, William Solomon Kiige
Based on attachment theory, the study sought to find how early parental child attachments influenced an adolescent attachment with God. The purpose of the study was to examine if there are any relationships between early parental child attachment styles, parental availability, parental emotional bond and parental proximity to a child and adolescent attachment to God. Participants for the study were drawn from the St. Peters’ Anglican church of Kenya (ACK) in Roysambu constituency, in Nairobi County and targeted the adolescent population in the Church. A sample size of 40 adolescents was targeted of which 37 responded. Using likert scales questionnaires, data was collected purposively and analysed quantitatively using Ms excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between parental child attachment and adolescents’ attachment to God. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the difference between adolescents’ attachment to God among the different parental gender proximity, parental emotional bond, and demonstration of attachment style by parents. Additionally, using the Attachment to God Inventory (AGI), the relationship between parent child attachment and attachment to God was explored among adolescents of St. Peter’s Anglican church, Roysambu in Nairobi. In addition, parental spirituality, attachment bonds and attachment styles emphasis were also investigated. Comparisons of the AGI with parent child attachment measures supported a correspondence between parental child attachment and adolescent attachment to God. The research findings underscore the importance of parental attachment bonds with positive influence to adolescent’s attachment to God. The research findings demonstrate the importance of parents as being attachment figures to their children as they help create images about God. The findings also demonstrate how parental attachment style, proximity, availability and emotional connectedness with their children influence their relationship with God.
Open Access
Adult Attachment Styles and Marital Conflict Resolution Styles among Couples in Nairobi,Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-05) Mburu, Lucy Wambui
Human beings have been shown to have styles that they employ in handling certain aspects of their relational lives. Specific categories of styles sometimes relate with each other under certain circumstances, affecting outcomes in relationships. There is a gap in research that this study sought to fill in showing how Adult Attachment Styles (AAS) and also certain demographic characteristics relate with the Marital Conflict Resolution Styles (MCRS)employed by couples in Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to find out the AAS of married individuals in Nairobi County, to investigate the marital conflict resolution styles employed by couples in Nairobi County, to establish how certain demographics influence the marital conflict resolution styles of couples, and to examine how the AAS relate with MCRS among couples in Nairobi County. This study was informed bythe attachment theory and Gottman’s marital conflict styles theory. The study adopted the correlation research design. Six CITAM assemblies that are located in Nairobi County were purposively selected for participation. The individuals that took part were selected using simple random and snowballing sampling methods. The quantitative data for finding out theAAS and marital conflict resolution styles was collected using the standardized questionnaires. Six semi-structured interviews were additionally conducted with pastors in charge of Family Care and Enrichment from the participating assemblies. Pearson correlation coefficient factor was used to determine the relationship between causes of conflicts, demographics and AAS, with marital conflict resolution styles. All tests of significance were computed at a significant level of 5% with the help of SPSS. The descriptive statistics used were percentages, mean and k-means non-hierarchical cluster analysis. The inferential statistics used were Chi-square test and ANOVA. The key findings of this study showed a significant association between AAS and marital conflict resolution styles. In addition, age, marital longevity, level of education, level of income, and the cause of a marital conflict had a significant influence on the marital conflict resolution styles of the respondents. Gender and occupation of participants showed no statistically significant influence on any of the marital conflict resolution styles in the study. These findings demonstrate that AAS and certain demographics have an influence on the marital conflict resolution styles that couples employ. Facilitators of premarital counseling classes, marriage therapists as well as pastors need to be aware of these influences while helping couples to handle conflicts constructively.
Open Access
All Things Work Together for Good for Those Who Love God.” A Grammatical-Historical Analysis of Romans 8:28
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) MAIANGUWA LIMAN MALAM YAYA
This research focuses on the interpretation based on an exegetical analysis of the text to discover the text's original intended meaning by the author. The analysis of the text is to discover the original intended meaning by the author for the first readers. To verify the concept of the original meaning intended, the research considers the literary context of Romans 8:28 for its correct interpretation. “All things work together for good for those who love God” in Romans 8:28, this statement is a major concern to be considered. The grammatical-historical approach (GHA) is the model used in this research. The complex nature of words in the syntax grammatical-historical approach causes difficulty in the interpretation of a biblical text because of the distance of time and space. The most important aspect of interpretation is the original intended meaning of a text. However, the practitioners are often concerned with what suits their church tradition and philosophies, not the text’s original intended meaning. For example, when a nominal Christian is sick because of drunkenness infections, or immoral sexual diseases, pastors use Romans 8:28 to comfort the church members during terrible times. When a believer is not qualified for an appointment, he or she misses the opportunity to be appointed, and this verse is applied. Another aspect is that the verse is often used wrongly when the exegetes want to achieve his goal or her goal; he or she applies it to irrelevant situations The analysis of these two clauses “we know to them that who love God” (Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγαπῶσι τὸν θεὸν and “all things work together for good” (πάντα συνεργεῖ εἰς ἀγαθόν), the researcher desires to interpret their concept of original meaning intended. The interpretation is in light of the text 8:28 and the literary context of Romans 8:18-36. In order to avoid fallacies or inerrancy interpretation and application of the text (scriptures) on the church in our current generation and even in the generation to come is a matter of concern in this thesis. The search finding affirmed that Rom 8:28 was an encouragement and strengthening to the suffering believers to persevere. Also, the true believers' suffering brings glory to God and blessings to the church of God as predestined by God
Open Access
An Evaluation of Youth Ministry in the Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Nigeria: A Case for Professionalism
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Yusuf Obed Lewi
This study indicates that youth ministry in ECWA is not regarded as a distinct field that needs trained and qualified workers. The study explored the following questions: (1) what is the nature and structure of youth ministry in ECWA Nigeria? (2) What is the perception of youth ministry in ECWA Nigeria? (3) How can the professionalisation of the youth ministry enhance its perception and practice in ECWA Nigeria? To answer these questions, the study adopted Richard Osmer's (2008) practical theology framework and employed qualitative research methods to investigate the experiences of youth pastors in ECWA through in-depth, semistructured individual interviews. Following the literature reviewed and the data gathered from the ECWA youth pastors interviewed, the study revealed that professionalisation is essential in improving the perception and practice of youth ministry in ECWA. In that regard, three implications were discussed: first, ECWA needs to establish standards, minimum qualifications, and requirements for individuals who want to work as youth pastors to bridge the gap between the youth ministry perception and practice; second, to improve the perception of youth ministry, ECWA should make it mandatory for people who want to serve in youth ministry to undergo formal theological training that equips them with the necessary skills and knowledge; thirdly, to counter the negative perceptions surrounding youth ministry, ECWA should focus on raising awareness, education, and support for the significance of youth ministry through organised campaigns and communications. The study also offered seven recommendations with practical steps and strategic directions to translate the findings into action.
Open Access
Antecedents and performance outcomes of empowering leadership among youth in sports for development organizations in Kenya
(PAC University, 2023-07-25) Njihia, David Thiru
This study set out to determine the antecedents and performance outcomes of empowering leadership among youth in sports for development organizations. The mediating variable was empowering leadership. The leader-member exchange theory (LMX) and servant leadership theories underpinned this study. The study was grounded in the positivism philosophical approach and adopted the descriptive survey research design with a population of 2,993 beneficiaries/members over 18 years of age from three sports for development organizations in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was employed to pick a sample of 352 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Relationships were established using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) in path analysis to construct the linkage between the antecedents’ and the performance outcomes. The analysis of the Moment Structures (AMOS) 23 was used to construct a conceptual model linking the variables under study. The study revealed that the influence of antecedents (active membership, perceptions of organisational justice, divergent thinking and perceptions of life satisfaction) on performance outcomes (organizational citizen behavior, self-efficacy, aspirations, self-esteem, organizational perceived performance and community psychological empowerment) of empowering leadership was positive and statistically significant. The study also revealed that the effect of empowering leadership and performance outcomes was positive and statistically significant and finally the study established that empowering leadership partially mediates the relationship between antecedents and performance outcomes and therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected in all six hypotheses. It is therefore recommended for meaningful performance outcomes. It is imperative that sports for development organizations understand the importance of anchoring their youth programs on the four identified and confirmed antecedents and that empowering leadership is critical to achieving a positive influence between antecedents and performance outcomes relationship.
Open Access
Assessing Church Leadership Succession of the Redeemed Gospel Church
(PAC University, 2014-10) Kyengo, Peter
Open Access
Assessing the Impact of Political Leadership on Entrepreneurship Development in Nairobi County
(PAC University, 2014-10) Thuranira, Gideon
Open Access
An Assessment of the Effect of The Leadership Style on Divisions in The Church:Insights From Selected Pentecostal Assemblies of God in Bahati District
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2015-09) Shitemi, Seth Asava
From the historical account of divisions experienced by PAG church in Kenya. The church has disintegrated into nearly ten different denominations. This division is a symptom of problems in the church. The broad objective of the study was to make an assessment of the effect of leadership styles on divisions at PAG. The study sought to achieve the following specific objectives: to identify the causes of division in church from the perspective of leaders and members of local Assemblies in Bahati District; to establish the leadership styles practiced by church leaders as perceived by fellow leaders; to determine the relationship between perceived leadership styles and division in the church: to propose a model for effective Christian leadership for church unity. The researcher applied descriptive research design. Multi-stage sampling technique was used. A sample of 8 local Assemblies, representing 20% of the population size was targeted. Data was collected from a total of 48 respondents comprising of board members of the 8 local Assemblies using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using percentage frequencies as well as mean scores and correlation analysis.' The major findings showed that church property and finances were the leading causes of division in church, followed by leadership wrangles and church doctrine. Majority of the respondents identified charismatic leadership, servant leadership and democratic leadership styles as the dominant styles adopted by church leaders at PAG. The relationship between division in church and leadership styles was not statistically significant. Division at PAG was caused by poor financial stewardship. This manifest in disagreements associated with the management of church property and finances. The second leading cause of division at the church was perceived leadership wrangles by some church leaders that sow seeds of discord in the church. To some extent, division at the church is also caused by disagreement over doctrinal issues. However, church constitution did not cause division in the church. It was concluded that Church leaders at MG practiced a combination of three leadership styles. However, neither charismatic leadership. Democratic leadership, servant leadership nor political leadership styles was significantly related to division in the church. In order to consolidate the unity fostered by church leaders, it was proposed that Biblical Stewardship that puts emphasis on spiritual accountability be practiced as a model for effective Christian leadership for church unity and for stemming potential future divisions at Pentecostal Assemblies of God churches in Kenya. Further study was recommended on the area of corporate governance as a dimension of good stewardship.
Open Access
An Assessment of The Effectiveness of the Competitive Strategies by Commercial Banks: A Case of Equity Bank
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2016-03) Karitu, Beatrice Mulinge
Commercial banks in Kenya are facing stiff competition necessitating the design of competitive strategies to guarantee their performance. These commercial banks have to consider how to enter a market and then build and protect its competitive position. Banks begin to realize that no bank can offer all products and be the best or leading bank for all customers. Banks should therefore not only come up with strategies to counter the competition but also measure the effects of the combined strategies that they employed. This study sought to assess effectiveness of competitive strategies on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya with specific reference to Equity bank limited. The study population comprised of the employees of equity bank based at the head office in Nairobi. Structured questionnaires were administered to respondent's selected using stratified sampling technique. Primary data was obtained through the use of questionnaires, which had both structured and unstructured questions. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics; the mean, mode, median and standard deviation. This was presented by the use of frequency tables, cumulative tables, percentages and ranks. These data was then presented by way of tables, bar charts and pie charts. The study assessed different competitive strategies used by Equity Bank. These include customer focus strategy, price strategy, differentiation strategy and innovation strategy.
Open Access
Assessment of the Factors That Influence the Development and Implementation of Strategic Plans in Kenya’s Higher Education Institutions: A Case of Kenyatta University and Pan Africa Christian University, Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Njoroge, Martin Chege
Review of literature in strategic leadership indicates that many strategic plans are poorly developed and with relatively little success in their implementation hence presenting a research gap that needs to be investigated. The research reported in this thesis therefore sought to assess the factors that influence development and implementation of strategic plans in Kenyan universities, a case study of Kenyatta University (KU) and Pan Africa Christian (PAC) University. The independent variables were institutional leadership factors, stakeholder involvement and availability of financial resources, while the dependent variables were both development and implementation of strategic plans in the two universities. The study is anchored on Path Goal, Transformational Leadership and Open Systems theories. Being guided by Tromp and Ruben’s (2010) Strategic Planning in Higher Education Framework, the study used a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative in data collection, analysis and interpretation. Stratified random and purposive sampling techniques to arrive at the 56 participants from each University. A questionnaire was used in data collection for primary data and content analysis of the strategic plans in the two universities captured the secondary data. The questionnaires were administered using the online application KoBo Collect. The questionnaire was pre-tested to get feedback on whether the questions captured the expected data, and whether there was any ambiguity in the questions. The questionnaires were coded to ensure accountability of the number of questionnaires that were issued. They were edited for completeness, accuracy and consistency and the data inputted using SPSS version 24. Data analysis was done quantitatively using regression analysis to guide the testing of the hypotheses. Some aspects of the questionnaire that had open ended questions were categorized according to the thematic areas as they had been captured by the KoBo Collect at data collection stage. The main finding indicated that jointly, institutional leadership factors had the highest influence on the development of strategic plans in the two universities, followed by stakeholder involvement, then availability of financial resources. However, in the implementation of strategic plan at KU, availability of financial resources had the highest influence, followed by institutional leadership factors, then stakeholder involvement. At PAC University, institutional leadership factors had the highest influence on the implementation of the strategic plan, followed by stakeholder involvement, then availability of resources. The study recommends that university’s leadership should be committed to the strategic planning process right from the development up to the implementation of the same. Second, all key stakeholders should be included in the strategic planning process since their engagement is critical in ensuring its success. Third, universities should avail financial resources required for success of the development and implementation of the strategic plans to be realized. The study concludes that (i) leadership in a university is critical for the success of the development and implementation of strategic plan (ii) the voice of all stakeholders in a university matters during the development and implementation of strategic plan, and (iii) the success of the development and implementation of strategic plans requires the allocation and availability of adequate financial resources. When these three factors are considered, universities will have well developed and successfully implemented strategic plans.
Open Access
An Assessment on how Selected Spiritual Influence Servant Leadership in Biblical Counselling and Intercession Church in Dar es salaam Tanzania
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2015-10) Mgulu, Michael Peter
The purpose of this study is to assess how the spiritual disciplines (prayer, fasting, service, study, worship,) on servant leadership development. Many leaders are aware of spiritual disciplines, but not many of them utilize them in BCIC to influence their style of leadership. To achieve this, the study is guarded by the following objectives; to establish on how spiritual disciplines influence servant leadership, to identify the relationship between spiritual disciplines and servant leadership, examine the challenges facing servant leaders in practicing spiritual disciplines; and propose ways on how to minimize the identified challenges faced by the leaders in practicing spiritual disciplines in BCIC. The study was conducted in the selected BCIC branches of Mbagala Maji Meupe and Mbezi beach in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A mixed research (quantitative and qualitative) design was used to collect and analyze the data from the respondents. Purposive and random sampling procedures were used to draw the sample from the community and the church. The main methods used to collect the data were questionnaire and interview. Quantitative data was mainly analyzed by using SPSS while qualitative data by content analysis. The main findings suggest that there was a direct link between spiritual discipline and servant leadership. Accordingly, the findings indicate that the practice of spiritual discipline help toshape the servant leaders as indicated by the majority (97.1%) respondents. Further, the findings indicate that BCIC branches were not immune to the challenges that deter its effectiveness on practicing spiritual disciplines. The main challenges observed were time and financial barriers and inadequate knowledge among the church members. Finally, the study proposed more special seminar and training, mobilization of fund to enhance spiritual services and programs.
Open Access
Authentic leadership, motivation and performance of employees of commercial banks in Kenya
(PACU, 2023-07-25) Masimane, Bethuel Asieche
The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of authentic leadership (AL) and motivation on the performance of employees (PE) of commercial banks (CBs) in Kenya. The study established the effect of self-awareness on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. It established the effect of relational transparency on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. It found out the effect of balanced processing on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. The study investigated the effect of internalized moral perspective on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. It established the moderating effect of motivation on AL and PE of commercial banks in Kenya. The literature review included the antecedents of AL and its four components as the independent variable. The literature also discussed motivation and its components as the moderating factor. The discussion on PE as the dependent variable focused on five performance indicators. The literature review included four theories underpinning the study. Empirical literature considered earlier studies and how they relate to the current study. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive research design and a positivist research philosophy. The target population comprised 31,605 employees of 38 CBs in Kenya. The sample size of 395 respondents was identified using proportionate stratified sampling. Reliability and validity of the instrument was tested using Cronbach alpha. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The 40 respondents who participated in the pilot survey were not included in the actual study. Data was analyzed by the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0.0.0. The findings showed that AL has a statistically significant effect on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. Motivation also has a statistically significant effect on the relationship between AL and PE of commercial banks in Kenya. These results will help CBs in Kenya to evaluate their AL practices to improve PE. The findings are generalizable to other contexts. The study suggested several recommendations, identified knowledge gaps and highlighted areas of further research to enrich extant literature and add to the body of knowledge in AL studies.
Open Access
A Biblical Restorative and Retributive Justice: The church and State Conflict Resolution Approach According to 1 Corinthians 6:1-11 with Application to the Rwandan Case
(PAC University, 2022-11) Gatete, Godfrey
his thesis is about a biblical restorative and retributive justice with reference to the church and state conflict resolution approach, according to 1 Corinthians 6:1-11. It seeks to identify biblical principles in 1 Corinthians 6: 1 – 11 that define the restorative and retributive justice approach to address conflicts and divisions within the church and the community. The study has two objectives, namely, to conduct an exegetical deductive study of 1 Corinthians 6: 1-11 and to set biblical guidelines that define the complementarity of the restorative justice with the retributive justice. In this thesis, the researcher argues that Paul’s model of church conflict resolution, as found in 1Corinthians 6:1-11, is appropriate for adopting the complementarity of the state retributive judicial justice system with the restorative justice approach. The study deductively analyses the text of 1 Corinthians 6: 1- 11 to suggest judiciary principles that can address the conflicts destroying the spiritual and social life of both the church and state. This uniquely offers a biblical retributive and restorative “Gacaca”, justice informed by biblical principles from the deductive exegetical analysis of 1 Corinthians 6: 1- 11. The study employs historical grammatical criticism method with some aspects from Socio-scientific criticism to understand the original message of the text in its ancient Jewish, Greco-Roman world context. Based on these methods, the study brings out underlying biblical principles used to resolve conflicts and divisions within the church and state. Accordingly, the study makes three recommendations, namely (1) conflict between two believers should be handled by the wise church members; (2) the concept of conflict resolution and management model and provision of retributive and restorative justice according to 1 Corinthians 6:1-11 is applicable and should be adopted to the church and state justice system; and (3) the church should intentionally disciple members to maturity from whom wise believers are identified and appointed to serve. These wise believers serve to administer equitable retributive and restorative justice to church members, based on biblical principles as derived from 1 Corinthians 6: 1- 11.This leads to the “Biblical Gacaca”, a judiciary system that embodies the retributive and restorative justice in the church and state
Open Access
Change Leadership, Leadership Efficacy Organizational Culture and Transformation of the Kenya Police Service
(PAC University, 2019-07) Mutungi, Musyoki Meshack
The Kenya Police Service is undergoing a process of organizational transformation in order to change itself to a more accountable, transparent, humane and responsive organization with a view to ensuring that its operations are congruent with the current Kenya Constitution. Previous studies have shown that, the performance of the Kenya Police Service lacked efficiency, transparency and accountability. Further, the studies have shown that, the Kenya Police Service is characterized by low morale, indiscipline and questionable integrity, a situation which affects employees’ performance. Additionally, a lot has changed in the global arena in terms of policing practices and hence the need for a paradigm shift which aims at realizing global policing competitiveness. There has been a great need to engage the leadership of the Kenya Police Service in open discussions for the purpose of looking for ways of strengthening this important security organization and its oversight mechanism as it is provided for in the constitution. Subsequently, this study looked at the effect of change leadership, leadership efficacy and organizational culture on organizational transformation within the Kenya Police Service. The theories used to underpin the study included Kurt Lewin’s three stage of change leadership Theory, Social Cognitive Theory for leadership efficacy and Edgar Schein’s Theory of organizational culture. The study adopted a Descriptive Explanatory design, using quantitative method. The target population of the study was 1349 respondents who comprised Police officers based at Police Headquarters. The sample size was 309 respondents, a figure that the study arrived at using proportional allocation through a stratified sampling method. Subsequently, that sample size was used in availing information through a questionnaire which was the research tool. This research provides useful information regarding the Transformative agenda which is being undertaken by the leadership within the Kenya Police Service. Further, the results have also indicated that, organizational culture has a moderating effect on change leadership and leadership efficacy as far as the transformation of the Kenya Police Service is concerned. Subsequently, the study highlighted the best practices in organizational transformation within the Kenya Police Service. It recommended that, in order to realize effective organizational transformation, there is need for continued change leadership for the purpose of ensuring that the set goals and objectives of the institutional transformation are achieved.
Open Access
Collaborative Leadership, Environmental Dynamism, And Performance of Insurance Companies in Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Gilbert Atuto Ang’ana
Contemporary organizations face complex challenges in various aspects of performance, including service quality, environmental and social governance, internal operations, innovation optimization, and financial efficiency. The scholarly inquiry into how leadership impacts organization performance has gained considerable attention but performance concerns are still persistent. This study aimed to investigate the effects of collaborative leadership and environmental dynamism on the performance of insurance companies in Kenya. To achieve this, five specific objectives were outlined: to explore the influence of collaborative leadership on performance, to establish the effect of authentic relationships on performance, to investigate the effect of leaders' behaviour on performance, to assess the effect of top echelons support on performance, and to determine the moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between collaborative leadership and performance of insurance companies in Kenya. The objectives had corresponding hypotheses, which were stated and tested. The theoretical framework was primarily drawn from Distributed Leadership, Social Constructivism, and Leader-Member Exchange theories. A pragmatic research paradigm and convergent mixed-methods design were used to engage 642 managers within the insurance companies in Kenya. In Quantitative design, a stratified proportionate random sampling technique was applied, resulting in 240 participants. Of these, 217 completed a structured questionnaire, achieving a response rate of 90.4%. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression models. In qualitative design, purposive sampling of 12 CEOs from 42 insurance companies was applied, with 11 CEOs consenting to semi structured interviews (a 91.6% response rate). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Quantitative findings revealed a moderate effect of collaborative leadership on performance (R=0.457), explaining 20.9% (R2=0.209) of performance variation in insurance companies. The components of collaborative leadership—authentic relationships (B=-0.385; p=0.011), leaders' behaviour (B=0.167; p=0.143), and top echelons support (B=0.634; p=0.001)—each had varying effects on performance. Furthermore, although environmental dynamism enhanced the explanatory power of the relationship between collaborative leadership and performance (R2=0.263), the interaction variable showed no significant moderating effect (B=-0.139; p=0.65). The integrated findings converged on the effects of collaborative leadership and environmental dynamism on the performance of insurance companies in Kenya. This study contributes to the scholarly knowledge on collaborative leadership by presenting a collaborative leadership framework that integrates environmental dynamism, collaborative leadership actors and attributes and aligns with essential organization outcomes that drive the optimal performance of insurance companies. Its implications extend to policy-making, providing guidance for fostering collaborative leadership in insurance companies and adapting to evolving environmental dynamism for enhanced performance. In conclusion, the performance of insurance companies in Kenya can be explained by collaborative leadership and environmental dynamism. This study serves as a valuable resource for academia and industry stakeholders, paving the way for future research on collaborative leadership in various organizational contexts, particularly utilizing approaches like the convergent mixed-method design employed in this study.
Open Access
Constraints Affecting Curriculum Implementation in Adult Basic Education and Training (Abet) in Machakos County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-09-27) Nzinga, Edward K.
A review of all of the available evaluation studies of adult literacy programs in Third World settings revealed that poor program design and implementation are the causes of inefficiency. Adult education in Machakos County is bedeviled by inadequate teaching staff, funds, facilities; and unskilled part-time teachers among others. This raises a lot of concern since these challenges pose a direct threat to Curriculum implementation in the County. The purpose of the study was to explore constraints affecting curriculum implementation in adult basic education and training (ABET) in Machakos County. Objectives were to: determine perceptual constraints of adult learners on the implementation of adult basic education; establish perceptual constraints of education managers on their understanding of their role in adult education; explore methodological constraints of teaching adult basic education in the implementation of the adult basic education and identify problems facing adult education officers in monitoring and supervision of adult education programs. Research findings will assist the proper implementation of adult learning programs while Researchers will be assisted to identify the research gaps in the field of curriculum implementation in adult education. The study used descriptive survey research design and was based ona Theoretical framework embracing five main theories namely: - Adult learning theory, Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Systems Theory, Reference Group Theory and Gross, Giacquinta and Bernstein (1971) theory of implementing Curriculum innovations. The units of analysis were 424 Adult Education Learning Centres. The study population was 181 Adult Literacy teachers, 7104 adult education Learners, 424 Managers of Adult Education Centres, and 8 District Adult and Continuing Education Officers (DACEO’s).The researcher used both stratified and saturated random sampling and using an automated system picked out a corresponding sample of 19 adult education centers, 104 adult education learners, 18 adult education teachers, 19 adult education center managers and 8 District Adult and Continuing Education Officers (DACEO’s). The instruments of data collection were questionnaires and interview schedules. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in one adult education centre and a reliability co-efficient of 0 .745 which indicated that the instruments were reliable were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman “Brown Prophesy Formula”. Experts ensured the instruments met the face, content and construct validity, they were precise and consistent and that the tools were measuring what they purported to measure in order to ensure wider acceptance. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study were as follows: -unwillingness of the learners to pay for the program, a negative perception of the program, a marked sense of skepticism about adult education, and lack of conviction about the benefits of the program were the perceptual constraints of adult education learners on implementation of adult education in Machakos County. It was concluded that there indeed existed perceptual, managerial, methodological, monitoring, and supervisory constraints facing curriculum implementation of adult education programs in Machakos County. It was recommended that efforts be made to destigmatize the program and funds be availed. It was suggested that further research be conducted on stigma, low men enrolment and policy framework.
Open Access
Corporate Governance and Performance of National Government - Constituencies Development Fund in Kiambu County
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Waiyaki, Isabel N
The introduction of National–Government Constituencies Development Fund (NG-CDF) had the aim of devolving resources to the remote areas of Kenya with an aim of eradicating poverty. There has been increased allocation of funds to the NG-CDFs. However, even with increased allocation, the performance of the NG-CDF has been below par with poor provision of public services in many NG-CDFs. There is a general perception by the public that NG-CDF institutions are not transparent, open, accountable and fair. There have also been instances of inability to account for funds in some constituencies. Despite this problem of poor performance and poor governance aspects, there’s no indepth study on the link between corporate governance practices and the performance of NG-CDF especially in Kiambu County. The study thus aimed at addressing this problem and filling this research gap. The objective was to determine the effect of corporate governance on the performance of the NG-CDF in Kiambu County. Secondary data, descriptive and explanatory research designs were used. The data was collected using a questionnaire with the fund account managers and/or NG-CDF board chairmen as the targeted respondents. The 12 NG-CDF institutions composed the population. Data was analysed using STATA statistical package and the model estimated was the random effects. The results indicated that accountability was positively related with NG-CDFs’ performance. Board effectiveness as represented by the board size was negatively related to the performance of the NG-CDF. The study recommends that NG-CDF national board and the NG-CDF institutions should ensure appropriate and timely auditing and realistic plans for the whole process starting with disbursement of funds. They also ought to determine reasonable low number of members in the board.
Open Access
Democratic Leadership and Performance of Youth-Owned Smes in Ruiru Constituency, Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Nyambura, Joseph Murimi
The notion that democratic leadership style is ideal for realizing the performance of SMEs has been promoted by a number of scholars. However, limited empirical research have been undertaken to validate such claims with respect to performance of youth owned SMEs in Ruiru Constituency. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of democratic leadership on performance of youth owned SMEs in Ruiru Constituency. This was broken down to four specific objectives: to explore the extent to which a consultative approach to leadership affects performance of youth owned SMEs in Ruiru Constituency; to determine the effect of participative approach to leadership on performance of youth owned SMEs in Ruiru Constituency; to determine the effect of shared responsibility on performance of youth owned SMEs in Ruiru Constituency; and, to determine whether sense of empowerment explains the relationship between democratic leadership and performance of youth-owned SMEs in Ruriu Constituency. The study was anchored on four theories: Democratic Leadership Theory, Participatory Leadership Theory, Empowering Leadership Theory and Balanced Scorecard Theory. A combination of both explanatory and descriptive research designs were used. The target population was based on 572 people who were members of 36 youth owned enterprises which received loans from the Youth Enterprise Development Fund. A sample of 86 participants was selected using stratified sampling method. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha test yielded reliability coefficients above 0.7. Data was analyzed by generating the mean, standard deviation and percentage frequencies of the dataset. Hypotheses were tested using correlation and regression analysis. Results showed that the overall mean score for the practice of democratic leadership on a 5-point scale was moderately high. Consultative leadership was positively and significantly correlated to member satisfaction but not to profitability. Overall, consultative leadership accounted for 5.2 percent of the variability in performance of youth owned SMEs in Ruiru Constituency but this effect was statistically insignificant. Participative leadership was positively and significantly correlated to member satisfaction but not profitability. Participative leadership accounted for 1.4 percent of the variance in overall SME performance, which was not statistically significant. The composite score of shared responsibility was neither significantly correlated to profitability of SMEs nor to member satisfaction rating. Shared responsibility explained 0.7 percent of the variability in overall SME performance, which was not statistically significant. Democratic leadership was significantly correlated to sense of empowerment. However, neither democratic leadership nor sense of empowerment was significantly correlated to the aggregate measure of SME performance. While there was no statistically significant indirect effect of democratic leadership on member satisfaction through sense of empowerment, there was a statistically significant direct effect of democratic leadership on member satisfaction. The practical implication of these results is that democratic leadership has more value for the achievement of non- financial objectives like member satisfaction and enhanced sense of empowerment and ownership. A study should be done to establish the conditions under which a high sense of empowerment translate into superior performance for youth owned SMEs.
Open Access
Demstyfying Conflict and Collaboration in Nairobi's Pentecostal MegaChurches;Implications for Church Leaders
(PAC University, 2014-10) Manyonge O.Bernard