TD-Doctor of Philosophy Theses & Dissertations (PhD)

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Open Access
Land Rights; Justice in Land use and Management According to Leviticus 25
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2019-06) Kangala, Patrick Makanga
The thesis deals with land rights in Ancient Israel with a comparison to the Kenyan context and gives a conclusive deduction on the land rights based on Leviticus25. The main argument of this thesis is that the land in Ancient Israel was under supreme ownership of Yahweh, who spelled the terms of land use and management in comparison to the Ancient Near East Communities, Egypt and Mesopotamia where land belonged to a different tenure system. The objectives of the thesis were to examine the land rights, by considering the theology of land in relation to land rights, institutions that Yahweh provides to guard land rights and a comparison of the land laws in Leviticus 25 and Kenyan land laws to find the similarities and the differences in the laws. The thesis seeks to answer the following questions, what is Israel’s theology of land in relation to land rights? What are the institutions provided in Leviticus 25 to guard land rights? And how do the Israel’s land laws compare with the Kenyan land laws? In answering the questions the objectives of the thesis will have been met. The thesis is an exegetical work using the grammatico-historical method and the social justice theory to examine Leviticus 25. Chapter one introduces the study with the background to the study, problem of the statement, objectives of the study, significance of the study, methodological considerations and the scope of the study. Chapter two deals with the literature relating to the land and land rights and chapter three looks at historical and cultural context of Leviticus with a special emphasis on the Holiness code of Leviticus 17-26. Chapter 4 deals with the analysis of Leviticus 25 using the social scientific method and social justice theory and chapter 5 deals with the recommendations and conclusion of the thesis.
Open Access
Change Leadership, Leadership Efficacy Organizational Culture and Transformation of the Kenya Police Service
(PAC University, 2019-07) Mutungi, Musyoki Meshack
The Kenya Police Service is undergoing a process of organizational transformation in order to change itself to a more accountable, transparent, humane and responsive organization with a view to ensuring that its operations are congruent with the current Kenya Constitution. Previous studies have shown that, the performance of the Kenya Police Service lacked efficiency, transparency and accountability. Further, the studies have shown that, the Kenya Police Service is characterized by low morale, indiscipline and questionable integrity, a situation which affects employees’ performance. Additionally, a lot has changed in the global arena in terms of policing practices and hence the need for a paradigm shift which aims at realizing global policing competitiveness. There has been a great need to engage the leadership of the Kenya Police Service in open discussions for the purpose of looking for ways of strengthening this important security organization and its oversight mechanism as it is provided for in the constitution. Subsequently, this study looked at the effect of change leadership, leadership efficacy and organizational culture on organizational transformation within the Kenya Police Service. The theories used to underpin the study included Kurt Lewin’s three stage of change leadership Theory, Social Cognitive Theory for leadership efficacy and Edgar Schein’s Theory of organizational culture. The study adopted a Descriptive Explanatory design, using quantitative method. The target population of the study was 1349 respondents who comprised Police officers based at Police Headquarters. The sample size was 309 respondents, a figure that the study arrived at using proportional allocation through a stratified sampling method. Subsequently, that sample size was used in availing information through a questionnaire which was the research tool. This research provides useful information regarding the Transformative agenda which is being undertaken by the leadership within the Kenya Police Service. Further, the results have also indicated that, organizational culture has a moderating effect on change leadership and leadership efficacy as far as the transformation of the Kenya Police Service is concerned. Subsequently, the study highlighted the best practices in organizational transformation within the Kenya Police Service. It recommended that, in order to realize effective organizational transformation, there is need for continued change leadership for the purpose of ensuring that the set goals and objectives of the institutional transformation are achieved.
Open Access
Nexus Between Inclusive Leadership and Organizational Commitment: A Case of National Police Service, Kenya
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-04) Mbugua, Charles
Open Access
Ethical Leadership and County Governance in Kenya: A Case Study Study of Uasin Gishu County
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-07) Kosgey, Henry Kiprono
Open Access
Servant Leadership, Internal Environment and Performance of the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya, Meru Region
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-07) Mbogori, Zakayo Muriuki
This study was carried out to examine the influence of servant leadership on an organization’s performance. The study sought to determine and establish the influence of servant leadership of the internal environment on servant leadership on the performance of the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya in Meru region. The study was informed by servant leadership, contingency, stewardship and institutional theories. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design using quantitative approach. The population of the study included all the leaders from the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya within the Meru region found in the Church constitution as at 1st April 2018. A stratified random sampling was applied on the study population and arrived at a sample size of 97 respondents. Primary data was collected using questionnaires which were administered to the study population. Data analysis was done descriptively and inferentially. Data presentation was done using figures and tables. The study found out that servant leadership had (p<0.05) had a significant effect on the performance of the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya in Meru region. The Internal environment (p<0.05) has a significant effect on servant leadership of the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya in Meru region. Internal environment and servant leadership (p<0.05) had a significant effect on organizational performance. The study concludes that servant leadership and internal environment have a significant effect on performance of the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya in Meru region. The study recommends that all Churches in Kenya should consider embracing servant leadership and improve on their internal environment in order to strengthen and improve on their performance.
Open Access
Value-Based Leadership and its Implication for Citizenship Education in Preschool Institutions in Kajiado North
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-09) Sambu, Joseph K
Open Access
Empowering Public Institutions to Promote Good Governance for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of the National Parliament, Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-10) Yoka, Tengu
The National Parliament is the backbone of every nation and the foundation upon which good governance, a prerequisite for sustainable development, is built. It is only when the institution is strong, empowered, respected, and functional that it is going to work effectively. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a wealthy nation, with vast natural resources that include cobalt, copper, diamonds, gold, arable land, and forests, among others. Yet, the country is regarded among the poorest nations in the world. Bad leadership practices and poor governance in the DRC have resulted in low levels of development. The National Parliament has failed to effectively play its role. This case study sought to examine how the National Parliament can be empowered to promote good governance practices for the sustainable development of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The study had five objectives: (1) to identify relevant dimensions of institutional empowerment of parliament in the Democratic Republic of Congo; (2) to establish stakeholder views on the state of the elements of empowerment in the Democratic Republic of Congo; (3) to identify leadership practices considered to have affected institutional empowerment/governance of parliament in the Democratic Republic of Congo; (5) to establish stakeholder views on the level of development in the Democratic Republic of Congo; and (5) to make recommendations based on the findings of the study. Data was collected using 40 one-on-one in-depth interviews, four focus group discussions, and observations. The findings show a powerless, manipulated National Parliament, lacking respect and the autonomy to work independently. Recommendations are given to strengthen the institution to ensure it promotes good governance practices that are vital for sustainable development.
Open Access
Relationship Between Transformational Leadership, Organizational Structure and Performance of Sacco Societies in Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Mutua, Jossylyn Nzilani
Transformational leadership (TL) has received considerable attention because of its potential implications on the performance of an organization. With a critical focus on Mwalimu, Stima, and Kenya Police Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies, this study sought to establish the relationship between TL and organizational performance (OP) for the three entities. The study embraced a pragmatic philosophy. It also adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 653 employees and a sample size of 242 respondents. The study collected data from 221 respondents, 193 responded to the survey, and 28 responded to interview schedules. The respondents' selection used probability and non-probability sampling methods, notably through random and purposive sample techniques. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedules as a complementarily tool. Quantitative data was then analyzed further through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Descriptive statistics was presented in frequencies and percentages. Pearson correlations and linear regression analysis were employed to determine the relationship between the four independent, moderating, and dependent variables at a 95% significance level. Content analysis was applied to qualitative data alone for triangulation purposes. According to the research findings, the four elements of TL, idealized influence, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, and inspirational motivation, have a significant relationship with the OP of the three SACCO societies. Organizational structure was found significant only for Mwalimu and Police SACCO, while it was not for Stima SACCO. Considering the positive correlation that all the variables have with OP, the research recommends that managers and leaders of SACCOs adopt, thoroughly, and formally the use TL principles and make them part and parcel of their respective organizational performance policies.
Open Access
Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Leadership Among NGOs in Nairobi County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) N'gan'ga, Clement Kamaru
There seems to be an unclear relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence (EI). There is need to understand, clarify, and explain the concept of EI and its influence in the development of effective leadership and management in NGOs in Kenya based on the leadership challenges that they are facing. The primary objective of this study was to establish the relationship between EI and organizational leadership among NGOs in Nairobi County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to examine the relationship between self-awareness as a component of EI and organizational leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County; to determine the relationship between self-regulation as a component of EI and organizational leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County; to establish the relationship between self-management as a component of EI and organization leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County; and to assess the relationship between relationship management as a component of EI and organization leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County. The study is anchored on three theories: Emotional Intelligence theory; Experiential Learning theory, and Transformational Leadership theory. The study employed a correlational study design to establish the relationship between EI and organization leadership among NGOs in Nairobi County. The study’s target population was the top management and employees of NGOs located in Nairobi County. According to 2018 data from the NGO Coordination Board, there were 708 NGOs in Nairobi County. Simple random sampling was used to select them. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the Heads of Departments. From every organization, the study sampled one Head of Department, bringing the total to 213 of them. Questionnaires were based on Goleman’s Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). Scoring for the questionnaire was based on Leadership Assessment and Emotional Intelligence scale. Reliability was done using the split-half technique and Reliability Constance was established through Cronbach Alpha. The collected data was coded and analysed using SPSS version 25. The collection of primary data was done using a structured questionnaire that was administered to the respondents. The study tested the regression and correlation models to ascertain the extent to which each independent variable of EI affected NGO’s organizational leadership. The statistical significance level was set at p<0.05. The findings of the study indicate that: There is a relationship between self-awareness and organizational leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County; Self-regulation has a statistical significance relationship with organizational leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County; Relationship management has a statistical significance relationship with organizational leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County; and self-management has a statistical significance relationship with organizational leadership in NGOs in Nairobi County. The study recommends that there is a need for the application of more EI aspects within the leadership of NGOs. There is a need for leadership training with an emphasis on programs that promote the development of EI.
Open Access
Effect of Shared Leadership and Emotional Intelligence on Church Growth in Pentecostal Churches In Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Nzeng'e, Daniel Munyoki
Despite the known effect of shared leadership and emotional intelligence on education and health, little is known regarding shared leadership and emotional intelligence on church growth. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of shared leadership and emotional intelligence on church growth in Pentecostal churches in Kenya. Empirical literature in this study provided the basis for the study gap. The Theoretical Framework provided the roadmap for the study. Theories guiding the study were shared Leadership Theory, the Goleman theory of Emotional Intelligence, the Social Identity Theory and Mead’s Theory of Church Growth. The descriptive survey design targeted 1235 pastors and 1210 church elders in Pentecostal churches in Machakos, Murang’a, Kajiado, Nakuru and Nairobi Counties under the umbrella of Evangelical Alliance of Kenya (EAK). The study employed simple random, purposive and stratified sampling techniques. Sample size was 245 respondents. The philosophical underpinning of the study was pragmatism research philosophy. Testing for reliability used the Cronbach’s Alpha with a coefficient of 0.6 and above being considered acceptable. Validity of the research instruments was safeguarded through face construct and content validity. The study employed convergent mixed method design approach, which had open ended and closed ended questionnaires. Focus group discussion was also employed to gather qualitative data. Descriptive, correlation and multiple regression analysis used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and STATA. The results revealed that shared leadership and emotional intelligence had a positive correlation with church growth. Church members’ empowerment had the strongest significant relationship with church growth with a correlation co - efficient of 0.342, p 0.05. Regression analysis results revealed that shared leadership and emotional intelligence significantly affected church growth in Pentecostal churches in Kenya. Results further established that diversity and inclusion did not moderate the correlation between emotional intelligence and church growth. Ethical consideration was ensured by seeking permission from Pan Africa Christian University and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). The study added to the body of knowledge in church leadership practices in Kenya. The implication of the findings has been discussed and appropriate pastoral leadership practice recommendations made to inform the work of Church leaders and other Para Church workers.
Open Access
Strategic Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Performance of the Land Administration Function in Kenya
(Pacuniversity, 2021-07-06) Oloo, Martin O.
Kenya's land administration function is dispersed across the Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning and the National Land Commission. The function is uncoordinated, bureaucratic, costly, undemocratic, and vulnerable to corruption. Many clients experience lengthy delays in processing land related procedures. Arising from the uncoordinated and inadequate service delivery in the land administration function, strategic leadership, which involves the capability of leaders to influence decision making among their followers in an organization, is offered as a necessary tool to improve performance. This research study sought to investigate the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of the land administration function. The broad objective was to assess the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between strategic leadership. Specific objectives were to assess the effects of strategic thinking, leading change, strategic direction, and development of core competencies. The study considered the relevance of five theories: Strategic Leadership Theory, the Upper Echelons Theory, Resource-based View Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory, Human Capital Theory, and the SERVQUAL modelto explain the relationship. The research paradigm was pragmatic to justify the ontological and epistemological approach to the study. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 22). The study reported that organizational culture had a moderating effect on the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of land administration function in Kenya. Specifically, strategic thinking, leading change, strategic direction, and the development of core competencies have positive and a statistically significant effect on the performance of the land administration function in Kenya. The study provides information to policymakers in the land sector in Kenya to consider the use of strategic leadership and organizational culture tools to develop strategies to improve service delivery, procedures, and processes in land administration. The study also provides information that can be used by other researchers and academicians in literature review and in the identification of research gaps. In addition, the study found that strategic leadership explains 35.9% of the performance of the land administration function, and hence the need for further research to understand other factors that affect the performance of the land administration function in Kenya.
Open Access
Influence of the Family System on Male Juvenile Delinquency: A Case of Kamiti Youth Correction and Training Center Kiambu County - Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Onsando, Evans
Youth are the greatest national asset that needs to be nurtured to enable them exploit their full potential. However, the rising cases of delinquent behavior among youth have brought the nurturing role of parents into sharp focus. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of two key features of the family system on male juvenile delinquency at the Kamiti Youth Correction and Training Center (KYCTC) within Kiambu County, with a view to establishing appropriate interventions that will minimize delinquency. The key features of the family system of interest to the study were the parenting styles deployed by the parent and the family structure in which the child is nurtured. To achieve this goal, the study had four objectives namely; establishing parenting styles associated with juvenile delinquency at KYCTC, the relationship between family structure and juvenile delinquency, the impact of parenting style and family structure on juvenile delinquency and appropriate parental and familial intervention measures that can reduce juvenile delinquency. The study was guided by Baumrind’s parenting styles theory and Family Systems theory. The study used purposive sampling method and simple random technique to select a sample of 68 males aged between 15 and 18 from a target population of 120 delinquents at the KYCTC. The study used the ex post facto design. In this design data was collected through interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and self-administered questionnaire. Quantitative data collected through questionnaires was analyzed through descriptive statistics with the help of SPSS version 25.0 and qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was analyzed through thematic analysis. The finding of the study indicated that, authoritarian parenting style (42%) and permissive parenting style (29.4%) posed the greatest danger to the development of juvenile delinquency. On the other hand, authoritative parenting style (8.8%) posed the least danger to the development of juvenile delinquency. The family structure that was found to be ideal was the two parents’ family structure. Presentation of data was done through tables, graphs and thematic descriptions of respondent’s statements. The findings point to the critical role the family system plays in the development or prevention of juvenile delinquency. Family- centric interventions, strengthening of the parenting role, coordination with other key influencers including teachers, Government Departments such as the Children’s Department and the Kenya Prison Services, Rehabilitation Centers run by religious organizations and government rehabilitation programs such as KYCTC, can make a difference if each plays their critical role.
Open Access
Effects of Strategic Leadership and External Environment on the Performance of Africa Inland Church Theological Training Institutions in Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Munyao, Solomon Mbula
Performance is one of the biggest challenges facing organizations operating in the ever changing and complex 21st century business environment with strategic leadership playing a critical role in the achievement of organizational goals. The overarching objective of this study was to examine the effects of strategic leadership on the performance of AIC theological training institutions in Kenya with external environment as a moderating variable. The specific objectives were to determine the effects of strategic direction, organizational culture, organizational resource portfolio, strategic leadership and external environment on the performance of AIC theological training institutions in Kenya with the aim of creating new knowledge in this area of study. The study was anchored on strategic leadership theory. Experimental research design that adopted a mixed method approach was chosen. The target population was all the management members, employees and students in the 26 AIC theological training institutions in Kenya. A sample population of 219 management members, employees and third year students were selected from three AIC Bible Colleges using multistage purposeful two-state sampling technique. Open and closed ended questionnaires were administered to collect both quantitative and qualitative data which was then analysed using SPSS version 20. The results of the study indicated that organizational performance correlated with organizational culture, strategic leadership and organizational resource portfolio at (r=0.321, p<.001; r=0242, p<.001 and r=-0.145, p<.001). Its correlation with external environment was (r=-0.013, p<.001). The findings provide empirical strength to strategic leadership theory by supporting the assumption that strategic leadership increases an organization’s performance. Here, aspects related to managerial practice were rated low by respondents indicating the need for strategic leaders to make improvements in areas of physical and technological infrastructure in their organizations. Future studies could test the effects of the other aspects of strategic leadership on the performance of AIC theological training institutions in Kenya.
Open Access
Constraints Affecting Curriculum Implementation in Adult Basic Education and Training (Abet) in Machakos County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-09-27) Nzinga, Edward K.
A review of all of the available evaluation studies of adult literacy programs in Third World settings revealed that poor program design and implementation are the causes of inefficiency. Adult education in Machakos County is bedeviled by inadequate teaching staff, funds, facilities; and unskilled part-time teachers among others. This raises a lot of concern since these challenges pose a direct threat to Curriculum implementation in the County. The purpose of the study was to explore constraints affecting curriculum implementation in adult basic education and training (ABET) in Machakos County. Objectives were to: determine perceptual constraints of adult learners on the implementation of adult basic education; establish perceptual constraints of education managers on their understanding of their role in adult education; explore methodological constraints of teaching adult basic education in the implementation of the adult basic education and identify problems facing adult education officers in monitoring and supervision of adult education programs. Research findings will assist the proper implementation of adult learning programs while Researchers will be assisted to identify the research gaps in the field of curriculum implementation in adult education. The study used descriptive survey research design and was based ona Theoretical framework embracing five main theories namely: - Adult learning theory, Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Systems Theory, Reference Group Theory and Gross, Giacquinta and Bernstein (1971) theory of implementing Curriculum innovations. The units of analysis were 424 Adult Education Learning Centres. The study population was 181 Adult Literacy teachers, 7104 adult education Learners, 424 Managers of Adult Education Centres, and 8 District Adult and Continuing Education Officers (DACEO’s).The researcher used both stratified and saturated random sampling and using an automated system picked out a corresponding sample of 19 adult education centers, 104 adult education learners, 18 adult education teachers, 19 adult education center managers and 8 District Adult and Continuing Education Officers (DACEO’s). The instruments of data collection were questionnaires and interview schedules. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in one adult education centre and a reliability co-efficient of 0 .745 which indicated that the instruments were reliable were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman “Brown Prophesy Formula”. Experts ensured the instruments met the face, content and construct validity, they were precise and consistent and that the tools were measuring what they purported to measure in order to ensure wider acceptance. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study were as follows: -unwillingness of the learners to pay for the program, a negative perception of the program, a marked sense of skepticism about adult education, and lack of conviction about the benefits of the program were the perceptual constraints of adult education learners on implementation of adult education in Machakos County. It was concluded that there indeed existed perceptual, managerial, methodological, monitoring, and supervisory constraints facing curriculum implementation of adult education programs in Machakos County. It was recommended that efforts be made to destigmatize the program and funds be availed. It was suggested that further research be conducted on stigma, low men enrolment and policy framework.
Open Access
Influence of Attachment Styles on Adolescents’ Psychosocial Development, Among Selected Secondary School Students from Blended Families in Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-05) GACHENIA, LUCY
Attachment styles adopted by parents are essential in development of adolescent psychosocial wellbeing. This phenomenon is more profound in blended families where there are multiple relationships that can lead to many challenges. However, with appropriate attachment styles adopted by step parents such challenges can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of attachment styles on adolescents’ psychosocial development, among secondary school students from blended families in Kiambu County, Kenya. The objective of the study was to establish attachment styles adopted by parents of adolescents in blended family households and evaluate how these attachment styles influence the establishment of adolescents’ self-esteem, identity and autonomy development. The study adopted Bowlby (1969) attachment theory, a mixed method approach, mixed method design and pragmatic philosophical paradigm. The sampling method adopted was multi-stage and inclusive /exclusive criteria. Firstly, the study adopted survey method as the sampling technique because the total population of adolescents that came from blended families was unknown. Thereafter, simple random sampling was used to select 9 schools and also determine the 5 classes to be sampled in each of these schools. The 5 classes had a population of 55 students each. A short questionnaire with demographic data of students was issued to 2475 students in a bid to elicit the adolescents from the said classes, that came from blended families in the 9 schools. A total of 208 adolescents from blended families in the 9 schools was elicited and this was considered a sufficient sample size. In addition, simple random sampling was used to sample 24 respondents that formed 4 focus groups. Purposive sampling was used to sample 4 counselors from 9 schools for in-depth interview and the 4 focus groups. Data was collected using questionnaires, counselors’ interview schedule and focus group discussions. Standardized tools; Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment Scale, Rosenberg Scale, Identity scale Inventory and Emotional Autonomy Scale were used as measuring tools. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, statistical assumption tests, correlation tests- T test, ANOVA and MANCOVA analysis while qualitative data was analyzed by use of narrative analysis. Findings were presented in form of graphs, pie charts and tables while interview data was presented in thematic form. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the National Council for Science and Technology and the Kiambu County Government. Ethical review authorization was sought from Daystar University Ethics Review Committee as well as a written informed consent from the school administration. Results indicated 2 categories of attachment styles adopted by step parents as; secure and insecure. In addition, these attachment styles influence the establishment of adolescent self- esteem, emotional autonomy and three identity styles namely information, commitment and diffuse avoidant but not normative identity style. The study results concluded that step parents should adopt secure attachment style which has characteristics of high communication and trust levels but minimal alienation, rather than insecure attachment that comprises of high levels of alienation, minimal communication and trust. The study findings could benefit government entities, Ministry of Education, counselors, parents, families and society
Open Access
Effect of Follower Behavior and Nonprofit Institutional Context on the Relationship between Servant Leadership and Policy Implementation in Religious NonProfit Organizations in Nairobi, Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-06) Ogochi, Deborah
This study sought to understand how servant leadership tenets affect policy implementation through follower behavior within the nonprofit institutional context of religious nonprofit organizations in Nairobi County. The study was undertaken in response to calls in extant literature for extension of servant leadership empirical work into new contexts and addressed the conceptual and theoretical gaps in the extant literature. The objectives of the study were: to determine the effect of servant leadership tenets on policy implementation among nonprofit religious organizations in Nairobi County; to determine the mediating effect of follower behavior on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation in nonprofit religious organizations in Nairobi County; and, to examine the moderating effect of the nonprofit institutional context on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation in nonprofit religious organizations in Nairobi County. A mixed methods approach was used to collect and analyze the data. The unit of analysis was 291 religious nonprofit organizations in Nairobi County with a total of 2,328 potential respondents. The sample size was 365 respondents drawn from 73 sampled religious nonprofit organizations. Factor analysis was used to extract factors for each study variable that were used for the descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive statistics used were the means and standard deviation while multiple regression analysis was used to test hypotheses. The study response rate was at 88% for the quantitative data with 320questionnaires received back out of 365 targeted respondents. Ten key informants from 10selected nonprofit organizations in Nairobi County took part in the in-depth interviews. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found out that holistic approach and service to others components of servant leadership had a significant negative effect on policy implementation, while sense of community and uprightness components of servant leadership had significant positive effect on policy implementation, there was significant statistical partial mediating effect of follower behavior on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation, and finally, there was a partial modering effect of nonprofit institutional context on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation with uprightness being the only component whose interaction term was significant. The study observed that the extracted servant leadership dimensions are applicable in the nonprofit sector. The findings of the study extended previous research by integrating the set of servant leadership attributes applicable to the non profit sector and validated a conceptual model of the operation of servant leadership for community development in the nonprofit sector. The study calls on the Boards of Directors and management to entrench servant leadership in the organizations, through their strategic management practices and leadership development programs. The study called on future research to expand the contextual and methodoligical scopes to include organizations in other regions and all levels of management and their followers using the 10 extracted servant leadership dimensions.
Open Access
Strategic Leadership Practices, Environmental Factors and Financial Sustainability of Faith- Based Organizations Affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa
(PAC University, 2022-06) Bore, Mathew Kipkosgei
Maintaining financial sustainability over the long term is vital for faith-based organizations since many offer services to very needy communities. However, faith-based organizations, particularly in Africa, struggle to sustain the financial resources required to effectively realize their mission. This challenge arises from their operating environment characterized by declining donations, reduced funding from their partners, and increased scrutiny of their charitable role from governments. In view of the challenges and the hyper turbulent environment in which faith-based organizations operate, there is a need for these organizations to be led effectively so that their financial sustainability is assured. The purpose of this study was to establish the extent to which strategic leadership practices affect the financial sustainability of faith-based organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa. In order to achieve this purpose, the study investigated the effect of strategic direction, exploiting and maintaining core competencies, developing human capital, and establishing balanced organizational controls on the financial sustainability of organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa. This study also sought to establish the extent to which environmental factors moderated the relationship between strategic leadership practices and financial sustainability of faith-based organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa. This study was anchored on strategic leadership, resource-based view, and adaptive leadership theories. It was based on positivism research paradigm. It adopted explanatory and descriptive research designs. The study was done in 18 faith-based organizations affiliated to the Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa, which formed the unit of analysis. Data was collected from 198 leaders serving as directors, heads of departments, and heads of units in organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa, which was also the unit of observation. This study adopted a census survey where data was collected from the entire target population. The research designs. The study was done in 18 faith-based organizations affiliated to the Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa, which formed the unit of analysis. Data was collected from 198 leaders serving as directors, heads of departments, and heads of units in organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa, which was also the unit of observation. This study adopted a census survey where data was collected from the entire target population. The researcher used primary data collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of data analysis were presented in charts, tables and graphs. Descriptive statistics reported means and standard deviations respectively for the study variables; determining strategic direction 4.41 and 0.480, exploiting and maintaining core competencies 3.90 and 0.629, developing human capital 3.79 and 0.647, balanced organizational controls 3.85 and 0.587. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses confirmed that financial sustainability of faith-based organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance was highly predicted by strategic leadership practices with the independent variables explaining 71.3 percent of the variation in financial sustainability. The study established that the effect of each strategic leadership practice on financial sustainability of faith-based organizations was significant. Environmental factors were found to positively moderate the relationship between strategic leadership practices and financial sustainability of faith-based organizations. The study concluded that the studied strategic leadership practices if fully utilized and supported could enhance financial sustainability of faith-based organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance in Africa. The study recommends that leaders of faith-based organizations affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance should provide a favourable environment for core competencies, balanced organizational controls, strategic direction and human capital to be practiced in order to strengthen financial sustainability. The study recommended future research to be conducted in other faith-based organizations in Africa not affiliated to Wycliffe Global Alliance
Open Access
Leadership Strategy, resource orchestration, firm size, and organisational resilience among listed banks in Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-06) Ahmed Eltigani Mohamed Ali
This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of resource orchestration and the moderating effect of firm size on the relationship between leadership strategy and organisational resilience among listed banks in Kenya. The research applied a convergent-parallel mixed-methods design following the pragmatist paradigm. Quantitative data were gathered using a questionnaire administered to 277 respondents. In-depth interviews were held with 13 former senior-level bankers. These were further supplemented with document analysis of 96 statements of board chairpersons and CEOs retrieved from the annual reports of the 12 listed banks. Quantitative data were tested for normality, heteroscedasticity, and multicollinearity. Overall, model health was assessed by conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Composite reliability and discriminant and convergent factor validities were evaluated by obtaining Cronbach’s alpha, normed fit indices, and goodness-of-fit measures. Quantitative data were analysed in SmartPLS version 3 using partial least squares structural equation modelling and standardised root mean square residuals. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis, and data from annual reports were analysed using content analysis. The inferential statistics showed a significant and positive direct path between leadership strategy and organisational resilience (=0.828, t=31.885, p<0.05; R2=0.685), a significant and positive mediating path for resource orchestration between leadership strategy and organisational resilience (R2=0.834, Z=9.228, p<0.05), a non-significant moderating path for firm size between leadership strategy and organisational resilience (β=0.032, p>0.05), and a non-significant moderated mediation path for firm size and resource orchestration between leadership strategy and organisational resilience (β=.053, p>0.05). The qualitative findings largely corroborated the inferential results. The study recommended a regular review of the corporate guiding principles and implementation of senior management stress testing programmes. It advocated for the inclusion of resilience awareness in staff development policies and the maintenance of an organic pipeline for internal human resource growth. The study further called for an intra-organisational knowledge cross-fertilisation and promulgation of post-crisis transformation strategies to mitigate human and psychological costs. In terms of knowledge contribution, the research empirically validated leadership strategy as an emergent paradigm in the evolution of leadership theory. It also proposed Resource orchestration pecking order model, organisational resilience continuum model, and banking system resilience model as distinct additions to knowledge.
Open Access
Shared Leadership, Leadership Self - Efficacy and Board Performance of Faith Based Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Uganda
(PAC University, 2022-06) Tukamuhebwa, Maurice
A myriad of studies on the various facets of leadership have been undertaken in similarly diverse environments with varying results. This study added to the existing body of knowledge by examining the influence of shared leadership on Board performance and the degree to which leadership self-efficacy moderated this relationship in Faith-Based Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Uganda. The study objectives were to: establish the influence of shared leadership on Board performance and examine the moderating role of leadership self-efficacy in this relationship. The Stewardship Theory and Institutional Change Theory were used to make sense of the notion of shared leadership while Social Cognitive Theory and Social Exchange Theory helped to comprehend the idea of leadership self-efficacy. The perception of Board performance was examined through the lenses of the Agency Theory and Resource Dependency Theory. The study deployed a mixed-methods research design to collect and analyse primary data from a population of 350 Faith-Based Savings and CreditCooperative Societies. Quantitative data was gathered from 334 respondents using survey research questionnaires while qualitative data was got from 19 participants by means of semi-structured interviews. The collected quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression modelling and, thematic analysis, respectively .Quantitative analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences while qualitative analysis was achieved through the NVivo 20 software. General findings from the study indicated that there were significant relationships between the concepts of shared leadership and Board performance on one hand and, leadership self-efficacy and Board performance on the other. However, whilst Board shared leadership through reflecting reputable personal behaviours and could set and promote the vision and apply emotional intelligence, they had challenges in fostering creativeness and motivating others. Results revealed that leadership self-efficacy did not moderate the relationship between shared leadership and Board performance. The study reiterated the importance of shared leadership as an enabler of the cooperative principles of voluntarism and democratic member control where Board members worked as volunteers and the practice of majority decision-making was reflected in all leadership and management activities.The study concluded that shared leadership was crucial to the realisation of effective Board performance in faith-based cooperative societies in Uganda. The study recommended that there was need for Board members to embrace and get committed to the work of their Savings and Cooperative Societies by holding meetings regularly and taking minutes. Given the restricted research context, the study proposed replication of the same study but with a diverse population that would include all forms of savings and credit cooperative societies in the country and a larger sample sizes.
Open Access
Efficacy of Transformational Leadership on Performance of Mandera County Government in Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-06) DAUD, YUSSUF MOHAMED
Mandera County has faced a plethora of challenges including its inability to marshal, develop, direct and control the human and financial resources leading to maladministration and poor service delivery, among others. Transformational leadership is the panacea for solving contemporary management and leadership challenges in sub-national levels. This study investigated the efficacy of transformational leadership and performance of Mandera County government in Kenya focusing on the 4Is of transformational. The objectives of the study were to: investigate the role of individualized considerations, determine the influence of inspirational motivation, establish the effects of idealized influence, assess the role of intellectual stimulation, and assess the moderating role of national government policies on the relationship between transformational leadership and performance of Mandera County government in Kenya. The study adopted modified Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) from Bass and Avolio (1995) which is heavily applied to measure the transformational leadership in private and public sector. The target population for the study comprised of the personnel elected and appointed and/or in the office of the Governor, Members of County Assembly and public service board employees of the county government who are concerned with the day – to – day running of the county affairs of the County Government of Mandera (N=696). Stratified simple random sampling technique was applied to select the sample size from the total population (n=247). The study used structured questionnaires as the primary tool for data collection. SPSS version 24 was applied to compute descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the test of hypothesis using simple linear regression indicate that individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and idealized influence do not have a statistically significant influence on the performance of Mandera County Government (p>.05). In contrast, intellectual stimulation had a statistically significant association with performance of Mandera County Government (p<.05), while government policies have a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between transformational leadership and performance of Mandera County Government (p<.05). However, the multiple linear regression analysis indicates that three of the 4Is of TL (individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation) excluding idealized influence were significantly associated with the performance of the County Government of Mandera. For effective transformational leadership, the study recommends that the success or failure of leadership depends on the compliance to the legal, fiscal, and policy framework, among other government policies.