Ghala- PAC University Repository
Ghala is the institutional repository of the PAC University, managed by the University Library Team. The Repository is committed to store and preserve the University’s research outputs. Research outputs can include, but are not limited to, publications, conference proceedings, book chapters, monographs, theses,various forms of research data (video recordings, spreadsheets, computational scripts, code, images etc.), archives, presentations and others.
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Recent Submissions
Transformational Leadership and the Moderating Role of Performance Management on Clergy Effectiveness In The Pentecostal Assemblies of God In Northern And Eastern Uganda
(PAC University, 2025-12-04) Omara George Joel
Despite their critical role in providing leadership to their congregations, many clergy in the Pentecostal Assemblies of God struggle to effectively fulfill their duties, leading to decreased member attendance, lower member participation, backsliding, and diminished outreach. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of transformational leadership and the moderating role of performance management on the clergy’s effectiveness in Pentecostal Assemblies of God in Northern and Eastern Uganda. The study was grounded in the theories of Transformational Leadership, Goal Setting, Path-Goal, and Redemptive Leadership. The study employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods design grounded in
pragmatic philosophy. It sampled 311 clergy and obtained 236 participants from a population of 5,027, giving a response rate of 76%. The study employed a multistage sampling design and utilized 5-point Likert closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data were analyzed using Stata version 18, while the qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo Version 14. The data analysis was conducted at three levels: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. The univariate analysis comprised a frequency and percentage distribution table, the bivariate analysis included the pairwise correlation coefficient, and the multivariate analysis consisted of the hierarchical linear regression
model. The pairwise correlation coefficient revealed a marginally significant positive correlation between clergy effectiveness and idealized influence, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.3586. This suggests that idealized influence has a significant positive influence on clergy effectiveness. Individualized consideration significantly influenced clergy effectiveness, with a correlation coefficient of r=0.4766. Intellectual stimulation qualities, such as creativity, innovation, critical decision-making, abstract reasoning, and good cognitive functionality, enhance clergy effectiveness, positively influencing it as seen in the value of r = 0.3696. Lastly, inspirational motivation showed a moderately high correlation with clergy effectiveness, r=0.5037. This implies that leaders who demonstrate high levels of inspiration instigate higher clergy effectiveness. The Hierarchical linear regression model revealed that transformational leadership components account for 27% of the variation in clergy effectiveness, even in the absence of performance management factors. However, by adding a block of performance management, the coefficient of determination grew to 44%. Adding another block of background features saw the contribution grow to about 52%. This implied that performance management factors moderate the relationship between transformational leadership and clergy effectiveness by 23%.
Strategic Leadership Style And Clinical Innovation Adoption By Leaders In Nairobi's Public Referral Hospitals
(PAC University, 2025-12-04) George G.Kirigi
This study examined how strategic leadership style affects clinical innovation adoption in Nairobi’s public referral hospitals. The general objective was to assess how strategic leadership style influences clinical innovation adoption, focusing on leadership capabilities, innovation-oriented attributes, managerial tendencies, and fostering organizational innovation. The study drew from transformational, visionary, transactional, and coaching leadership theories using a positivist approach and a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. Data from 189 participants across four referral hospitals were collected via digital questionnaires and analysed with STATA Version 15.1. Results presented textually and visually revealed varying association coefficients, with leadership capabilities showing the strongest positive association (β = 0.2145, 95% CI [0.0512, 0.3777], p = 0.01). Innovation-oriented attributes and managers’ attitudes had negative coefficients, while organizational innovation strongly correlated with adoption leadership. The study highlights the crucial role of strategic leadership style in driving innovation and suggests that healthcare leaders should focus on developing leadership capabilities. Insights are valuable for managers, policymakers, and educators in shaping theory, policy, and practice
The Moderating Effect of Organizational Culture on the Relationship Between Ethical Leadership And Spiritual Formation Among Church Members In Three Selected Districts of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia
(PAC University, 2025-12-04) Eyob Denio Gifato
Spiritual formation is one of the major challenges facing the contemporary church, with organizational culture expected to play a critical role in the process of moderating this relationship. There is lack of ethical leadership and spiritual decline in the churches today; globally, regionally, and locally. The general objective of this study was to establish the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between ethical leadership and spiritual formation among church members in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. The specific objectives of the study were: To determine the effect of respecting others, to explore the effect of serving others, to investigate the effect of justice, to examine the effect of honesty, to determine the effect of building community, and to explore the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between ethical leadership and spiritual formation among church
members. The study was anchored on the Ethical leadership Theory, Transformational leadership Theory, Servant Leadership Theory, and Path-goal Theory. This study was guided by the pragmatic research philosophy. It employed convergent parallel mixed method design. The target population of the study was 17,784 with a sample of 399. The study used simple random sampling techniques to select study participants. Open and closed ended questionnaires were administered to collect data for both quantitative and qualitative data. Validity and reliability of research instruments was established before conducting data collection. The findings of Cronbach’s Alpha test for reliability showed 0.90. For the validity test, the KMO measure of sampling value of 0.796 indicated a high level of reliability and validity of the study instrument. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Version 30 for quantitative data. NVivo software was used for qualitative data. The results of the study indicated that respecting others correlated with spiritual formation at (R=0.162, P< .01), serving others at (R=0.282, P<.01), justice at (R=0.514, P <.01), honesty at (R= 0.214, P<.01), building community at (R= 0.492, P<.01. Analysis results revealed that the significant of the model of respecting others indicated (F- value of 10.274) and (β value .194), serving others (F-value of 33.095) and (β value .325), doing justice (F-value of 35.713) and (β value .336), building community (F-value of = 122.575) and (β value=.577), showed that the model was statistically significant. The significant of the model of honesty revealed (F-value of 2.268) and (β value .085) but (p-value =0.133) indicated that the model was statistically insignificant. The coefficients of determination of the moderating effect of organizational culture were 15.8% and 28.3% respectively. It brought 12.5% change in spiritual formation among church members. This study has a potential contribution to the body of knowledge in churches of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia and beyond. The study recommends that the church leaders of three selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia, should focus on spiritual formation among church members. Future studies could test
other aspects of the study variables on the spiritual formation among church members in other regions.
Moderating Role of Psychhological Resilience on Work Related Stress and Mental well Being Among Aircraft Maintenance Personnel at Wilson Airport, Nairobi County, Kenya.
(PAC University, 2025-12-04) Eunice Wambui Karanja
The aviation sector is known for vibrant operations with demands for aircraft operations to be better, quicker, and safer, which meant that the personnel working on the aircraft has to meet tight deadlines and sometimes unrealistic operational demands. This demand subsequently generate work-related stress, affecting the mental well-being of the engineers. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of psychological resilience on mental well-being when an aircraft maintenance personnel is experiencing work related stress. In addition, the researcher aimed to understand whether the engineer’s level of resilience in bouncing back has a moderating effect in maintaining a stable mental well-being. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to determine the level of work-related stress among aircraft maintenance personnel at Wilson Airport in Nairobi, Kenya; to establish the relationship between work-related
stress and the mental well-being of aircraft maintenance personnel at Wilson Airport in Nairobi, Kenya; and to examine the moderating role of psychological resilience on the relationship between work-related stress and mental well-being among aircraft maintenance personnel at Wilson Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. Transactional theory, psychological well-being theory, and resilience theory served as the guiding frameworks for the study. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. A survey method was used to collect quantitative data, and a stratified sampling method was employed. The data was analyzed using statistical software, SPSS version 23. The variables were measured using instruments that had been validated and declared reliable. The respondents filled three self-report questionnaire scales: the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC-10), and the Work-related Stress Scale. The number of respondents participating in the study was 257, including aircraft engineers from different Approved Maintenance Organizations located at Wilson Airport. A majority of respondents (51.6%), reported experiencing fairly low levels of stress, which suggests that more than half of the personnel at Wilson Airport experienced low stress levels. The study established a significant negative correlation between work-related stress and mental well-being, r=−0.634, p<0.01. Work-related stress negatively predicted mental well-being, β=−0.587, t=−13.257, p<0.01 A significant positive correlation was found between mental well-being and psychological resilience (r=0.549, p<0.01). The correlation between work-related stress and psychological resilience was negative (r=−0.444, p<0.01). Conclusion was drawn that stress levels varied across the workforce, with the majority experiencing low to moderate stress. The obtained significant negative relationship between the work-related stress and mental wellbeing underscores the critical impact that workplace stress can have on employees’ mental health. Employees with higher levels of resilience are better equipped to handle stress, which helps protect their mental well-being. The study recommended that counseling practitioners should focus on providing targeted interventions that address the specific stressors faced by aircraft maintenance personnel. Developing specialized counseling programs that incorporate resilience-building techniques can help employees better manage stress. Practitioners should also collaborate with airline companies to ensure that counseling
services are accessible and tailored to the unique needs of the aviation workforce. A similar study should be conducted among other industry professionals such as pilots and cabin crew.
The Role of Transformational Leadership on Productivity of WOmen- Led Federation off Kenya Emplyers' Member Enterprises in Nairobi City Employers' member Entreprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2025-12-04) Ruth Dero
Women have increasingly gained access to leadership positions in both commercial and development sectors. While female leaders adopt diverse leadership approaches, transformational leadership remains one of the most widely applied styles. However, limited research has explored the extent to which female transformational leadership influences the productivity of women-led organizations. This study, therefore, evaluated the impact of transformational leadership on the productivity of women-led enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya, focusing on organizations that are members of the Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE). The study's specific objectives were to assess the influence of idealized influence on the productivity of women-led enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya; to establish the impact of inspirational motivation on the productivity of women-led enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya; to evaluate the effect of intellectual stimulation on the productivity of women-led enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya; and to assess the role of individualized consideration on the productivity of women-led enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, full-range leadership theory, and systems theory, the research adopted a pragmatic research philosophy and employed a mixed-methods research design. The target population comprised 312 managers, each representing a women-led FKE-member enterprise in Nairobi. Using a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique, a sample of 172 respondents was selected. The population was stratified geographically, whereupon the women-led FKE member enterprises were mapped out in the city county. Every stratum was further classified in terms of the industry from which a random sample was selected from each stratum to facilitate data collection. Both primary and secondary data were analyzed. Primary data from structured questionnaires and key informant interviews and secondary data from published reports, existing literature, and sector-specific economic reports were used for analysis. The data was first analyzed quantitatively, followed by qualitative analysis to help explain and interpret the quantitative results. The data was analyzed both descriptively and inferentially using SPSS Version 30, whereas secondary data were examined through content analysis to validate primary findings. The study revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant influence of transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration) on productivity of the women-led organizations. Results were presented in tables and interpreted using statistical measures, including means, variances, standard deviations, and percentages. This study contributes valuable insights to women leaders, aspiring female executives, leadership students, researchers, policymakers, and seniormanagers. The findings support informed decision-making in leadership development and organizational productivity within women-led enterprises.