TD-Doctor of Philosophy Theses & Dissertations (PhD)

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Open Access
Antecedents and performance outcomes of empowering leadership among youth in sports for development organizations in Kenya
(PAC University, 2023-07-25) Njihia, David Thiru
This study set out to determine the antecedents and performance outcomes of empowering leadership among youth in sports for development organizations. The mediating variable was empowering leadership. The leader-member exchange theory (LMX) and servant leadership theories underpinned this study. The study was grounded in the positivism philosophical approach and adopted the descriptive survey research design with a population of 2,993 beneficiaries/members over 18 years of age from three sports for development organizations in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was employed to pick a sample of 352 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Relationships were established using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) in path analysis to construct the linkage between the antecedents’ and the performance outcomes. The analysis of the Moment Structures (AMOS) 23 was used to construct a conceptual model linking the variables under study. The study revealed that the influence of antecedents (active membership, perceptions of organisational justice, divergent thinking and perceptions of life satisfaction) on performance outcomes (organizational citizen behavior, self-efficacy, aspirations, self-esteem, organizational perceived performance and community psychological empowerment) of empowering leadership was positive and statistically significant. The study also revealed that the effect of empowering leadership and performance outcomes was positive and statistically significant and finally the study established that empowering leadership partially mediates the relationship between antecedents and performance outcomes and therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected in all six hypotheses. It is therefore recommended for meaningful performance outcomes. It is imperative that sports for development organizations understand the importance of anchoring their youth programs on the four identified and confirmed antecedents and that empowering leadership is critical to achieving a positive influence between antecedents and performance outcomes relationship.
Open Access
Authentic leadership, motivation and performance of employees of commercial banks in Kenya
(PACU, 2023-07-25) Masimane, Bethuel Asieche
The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of authentic leadership (AL) and motivation on the performance of employees (PE) of commercial banks (CBs) in Kenya. The study established the effect of self-awareness on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. It established the effect of relational transparency on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. It found out the effect of balanced processing on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. The study investigated the effect of internalized moral perspective on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. It established the moderating effect of motivation on AL and PE of commercial banks in Kenya. The literature review included the antecedents of AL and its four components as the independent variable. The literature also discussed motivation and its components as the moderating factor. The discussion on PE as the dependent variable focused on five performance indicators. The literature review included four theories underpinning the study. Empirical literature considered earlier studies and how they relate to the current study. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive research design and a positivist research philosophy. The target population comprised 31,605 employees of 38 CBs in Kenya. The sample size of 395 respondents was identified using proportionate stratified sampling. Reliability and validity of the instrument was tested using Cronbach alpha. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The 40 respondents who participated in the pilot survey were not included in the actual study. Data was analyzed by the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0.0.0. The findings showed that AL has a statistically significant effect on the PE of commercial banks in Kenya. Motivation also has a statistically significant effect on the relationship between AL and PE of commercial banks in Kenya. These results will help CBs in Kenya to evaluate their AL practices to improve PE. The findings are generalizable to other contexts. The study suggested several recommendations, identified knowledge gaps and highlighted areas of further research to enrich extant literature and add to the body of knowledge in AL studies.
Open Access
Change Leadership, Leadership Efficacy Organizational Culture and Transformation of the Kenya Police Service
(PAC University, 2019-07) Mutungi, Musyoki Meshack
The Kenya Police Service is undergoing a process of organizational transformation in order to change itself to a more accountable, transparent, humane and responsive organization with a view to ensuring that its operations are congruent with the current Kenya Constitution. Previous studies have shown that, the performance of the Kenya Police Service lacked efficiency, transparency and accountability. Further, the studies have shown that, the Kenya Police Service is characterized by low morale, indiscipline and questionable integrity, a situation which affects employees’ performance. Additionally, a lot has changed in the global arena in terms of policing practices and hence the need for a paradigm shift which aims at realizing global policing competitiveness. There has been a great need to engage the leadership of the Kenya Police Service in open discussions for the purpose of looking for ways of strengthening this important security organization and its oversight mechanism as it is provided for in the constitution. Subsequently, this study looked at the effect of change leadership, leadership efficacy and organizational culture on organizational transformation within the Kenya Police Service. The theories used to underpin the study included Kurt Lewin’s three stage of change leadership Theory, Social Cognitive Theory for leadership efficacy and Edgar Schein’s Theory of organizational culture. The study adopted a Descriptive Explanatory design, using quantitative method. The target population of the study was 1349 respondents who comprised Police officers based at Police Headquarters. The sample size was 309 respondents, a figure that the study arrived at using proportional allocation through a stratified sampling method. Subsequently, that sample size was used in availing information through a questionnaire which was the research tool. This research provides useful information regarding the Transformative agenda which is being undertaken by the leadership within the Kenya Police Service. Further, the results have also indicated that, organizational culture has a moderating effect on change leadership and leadership efficacy as far as the transformation of the Kenya Police Service is concerned. Subsequently, the study highlighted the best practices in organizational transformation within the Kenya Police Service. It recommended that, in order to realize effective organizational transformation, there is need for continued change leadership for the purpose of ensuring that the set goals and objectives of the institutional transformation are achieved.
Open Access
Collaborative Leadership, Environmental Dynamism, And Performance of Insurance Companies in Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Gilbert Atuto Ang’ana
Contemporary organizations face complex challenges in various aspects of performance, including service quality, environmental and social governance, internal operations, innovation optimization, and financial efficiency. The scholarly inquiry into how leadership impacts organization performance has gained considerable attention but performance concerns are still persistent. This study aimed to investigate the effects of collaborative leadership and environmental dynamism on the performance of insurance companies in Kenya. To achieve this, five specific objectives were outlined: to explore the influence of collaborative leadership on performance, to establish the effect of authentic relationships on performance, to investigate the effect of leaders' behaviour on performance, to assess the effect of top echelons support on performance, and to determine the moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between collaborative leadership and performance of insurance companies in Kenya. The objectives had corresponding hypotheses, which were stated and tested. The theoretical framework was primarily drawn from Distributed Leadership, Social Constructivism, and Leader-Member Exchange theories. A pragmatic research paradigm and convergent mixed-methods design were used to engage 642 managers within the insurance companies in Kenya. In Quantitative design, a stratified proportionate random sampling technique was applied, resulting in 240 participants. Of these, 217 completed a structured questionnaire, achieving a response rate of 90.4%. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression models. In qualitative design, purposive sampling of 12 CEOs from 42 insurance companies was applied, with 11 CEOs consenting to semi structured interviews (a 91.6% response rate). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Quantitative findings revealed a moderate effect of collaborative leadership on performance (R=0.457), explaining 20.9% (R2=0.209) of performance variation in insurance companies. The components of collaborative leadership—authentic relationships (B=-0.385; p=0.011), leaders' behaviour (B=0.167; p=0.143), and top echelons support (B=0.634; p=0.001)—each had varying effects on performance. Furthermore, although environmental dynamism enhanced the explanatory power of the relationship between collaborative leadership and performance (R2=0.263), the interaction variable showed no significant moderating effect (B=-0.139; p=0.65). The integrated findings converged on the effects of collaborative leadership and environmental dynamism on the performance of insurance companies in Kenya. This study contributes to the scholarly knowledge on collaborative leadership by presenting a collaborative leadership framework that integrates environmental dynamism, collaborative leadership actors and attributes and aligns with essential organization outcomes that drive the optimal performance of insurance companies. Its implications extend to policy-making, providing guidance for fostering collaborative leadership in insurance companies and adapting to evolving environmental dynamism for enhanced performance. In conclusion, the performance of insurance companies in Kenya can be explained by collaborative leadership and environmental dynamism. This study serves as a valuable resource for academia and industry stakeholders, paving the way for future research on collaborative leadership in various organizational contexts, particularly utilizing approaches like the convergent mixed-method design employed in this study.
Open Access
Constraints Affecting Curriculum Implementation in Adult Basic Education and Training (Abet) in Machakos County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-09-27) Nzinga, Edward K.
A review of all of the available evaluation studies of adult literacy programs in Third World settings revealed that poor program design and implementation are the causes of inefficiency. Adult education in Machakos County is bedeviled by inadequate teaching staff, funds, facilities; and unskilled part-time teachers among others. This raises a lot of concern since these challenges pose a direct threat to Curriculum implementation in the County. The purpose of the study was to explore constraints affecting curriculum implementation in adult basic education and training (ABET) in Machakos County. Objectives were to: determine perceptual constraints of adult learners on the implementation of adult basic education; establish perceptual constraints of education managers on their understanding of their role in adult education; explore methodological constraints of teaching adult basic education in the implementation of the adult basic education and identify problems facing adult education officers in monitoring and supervision of adult education programs. Research findings will assist the proper implementation of adult learning programs while Researchers will be assisted to identify the research gaps in the field of curriculum implementation in adult education. The study used descriptive survey research design and was based ona Theoretical framework embracing five main theories namely: - Adult learning theory, Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Systems Theory, Reference Group Theory and Gross, Giacquinta and Bernstein (1971) theory of implementing Curriculum innovations. The units of analysis were 424 Adult Education Learning Centres. The study population was 181 Adult Literacy teachers, 7104 adult education Learners, 424 Managers of Adult Education Centres, and 8 District Adult and Continuing Education Officers (DACEO’s).The researcher used both stratified and saturated random sampling and using an automated system picked out a corresponding sample of 19 adult education centers, 104 adult education learners, 18 adult education teachers, 19 adult education center managers and 8 District Adult and Continuing Education Officers (DACEO’s). The instruments of data collection were questionnaires and interview schedules. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in one adult education centre and a reliability co-efficient of 0 .745 which indicated that the instruments were reliable were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman “Brown Prophesy Formula”. Experts ensured the instruments met the face, content and construct validity, they were precise and consistent and that the tools were measuring what they purported to measure in order to ensure wider acceptance. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study were as follows: -unwillingness of the learners to pay for the program, a negative perception of the program, a marked sense of skepticism about adult education, and lack of conviction about the benefits of the program were the perceptual constraints of adult education learners on implementation of adult education in Machakos County. It was concluded that there indeed existed perceptual, managerial, methodological, monitoring, and supervisory constraints facing curriculum implementation of adult education programs in Machakos County. It was recommended that efforts be made to destigmatize the program and funds be availed. It was suggested that further research be conducted on stigma, low men enrolment and policy framework.
Open Access
Early Family Environment and Emerging Adults’ Suicidal Behaviours: A Case of Two Selected Universities in Nairobi County, Kenya.
(PAC University, 2024-07-25) Mutwiri, Marion K.
This dissertation examined early family environments and related implications for emerging adults' suicidal behaviours. The principles of attachment theory, life course development and the Satir model guided the study. The study explored the prevalence and early family environments associated with suicidal behaviours among emerging adults aged 18–29 in selected universities. The psychological stressors compelling emerging adults to suicidal behaviours and the role of spirituality were useful constructs of this study. This study adopted a convergent mixed-methods design. Data was collected from two selected universities in Nairobi County. The study population comprised 431 undergraduate students and six university counsellors. Simple random, stratified and snowballing sampling techniques were applied in the sample selection. A pre-test was done on a sample of 30 undergraduate students at a selected university that was excluded from the study. Data was collected after obtaining relevant permits, informed consent and the confidentiality of participants was guarded. The data was concurrently collected using quantitative and qualitative methods. The data was concurrently analyzed. The quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The qualitative data was analyzed using NVIVO version 11. The relationship between the variables was established through Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MANOVA). The results were triangulated and presented using tables and figures. The results showed emerging adults were engaging in suicidal thinking (17%) and attempts (7.8%). Studying at a private university, living in hostels and living alone were risk factors for suicidal behaviours. Additionally, female students engaged in suicidal behaviours: thought dying was better than living (t=13.0, p.004); purchased items to end their lives (t=4.2, p.043); came close to taking away their lives (t=8.8, p.002) and engaged in cutting (t=5.4, p.036) as a form of self-harm. Family relations, chronic and mental illness, maltreatment and parental divorce before the age of 12 were risks for suicidal behaviours. Feelings of hopelessness, depression, anxiety and financial difficulties were the psychological stressors associated with suicidal behaviours in emerging adulthood. Religion was both a protective and a risk factor for suicidal behaviours. These findings will greatly inform marriage and family therapists' practises as they seek to prevent, mitigate and intervene for suicidal behaviours in emerging adulthood. Other stakeholders who will benefit from this study include parents, university administrators, counsellors and chaplains, religious organizations and mental health providers.
Open Access
Effect of Follower Behavior and Nonprofit Institutional Context on the Relationship between Servant Leadership and Policy Implementation in Religious NonProfit Organizations in Nairobi, Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-06) Ogochi, Deborah
This study sought to understand how servant leadership tenets affect policy implementation through follower behavior within the nonprofit institutional context of religious nonprofit organizations in Nairobi County. The study was undertaken in response to calls in extant literature for extension of servant leadership empirical work into new contexts and addressed the conceptual and theoretical gaps in the extant literature. The objectives of the study were: to determine the effect of servant leadership tenets on policy implementation among nonprofit religious organizations in Nairobi County; to determine the mediating effect of follower behavior on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation in nonprofit religious organizations in Nairobi County; and, to examine the moderating effect of the nonprofit institutional context on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation in nonprofit religious organizations in Nairobi County. A mixed methods approach was used to collect and analyze the data. The unit of analysis was 291 religious nonprofit organizations in Nairobi County with a total of 2,328 potential respondents. The sample size was 365 respondents drawn from 73 sampled religious nonprofit organizations. Factor analysis was used to extract factors for each study variable that were used for the descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive statistics used were the means and standard deviation while multiple regression analysis was used to test hypotheses. The study response rate was at 88% for the quantitative data with 320questionnaires received back out of 365 targeted respondents. Ten key informants from 10selected nonprofit organizations in Nairobi County took part in the in-depth interviews. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found out that holistic approach and service to others components of servant leadership had a significant negative effect on policy implementation, while sense of community and uprightness components of servant leadership had significant positive effect on policy implementation, there was significant statistical partial mediating effect of follower behavior on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation, and finally, there was a partial modering effect of nonprofit institutional context on the relationship between servant leadership and policy implementation with uprightness being the only component whose interaction term was significant. The study observed that the extracted servant leadership dimensions are applicable in the nonprofit sector. The findings of the study extended previous research by integrating the set of servant leadership attributes applicable to the non profit sector and validated a conceptual model of the operation of servant leadership for community development in the nonprofit sector. The study calls on the Boards of Directors and management to entrench servant leadership in the organizations, through their strategic management practices and leadership development programs. The study called on future research to expand the contextual and methodoligical scopes to include organizations in other regions and all levels of management and their followers using the 10 extracted servant leadership dimensions.
Open Access
Effect of Shared Leadership and Emotional Intelligence on Church Growth in Pentecostal Churches In Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Nzeng'e, Daniel Munyoki
Despite the known effect of shared leadership and emotional intelligence on education and health, little is known regarding shared leadership and emotional intelligence on church growth. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of shared leadership and emotional intelligence on church growth in Pentecostal churches in Kenya. Empirical literature in this study provided the basis for the study gap. The Theoretical Framework provided the roadmap for the study. Theories guiding the study were shared Leadership Theory, the Goleman theory of Emotional Intelligence, the Social Identity Theory and Mead’s Theory of Church Growth. The descriptive survey design targeted 1235 pastors and 1210 church elders in Pentecostal churches in Machakos, Murang’a, Kajiado, Nakuru and Nairobi Counties under the umbrella of Evangelical Alliance of Kenya (EAK). The study employed simple random, purposive and stratified sampling techniques. Sample size was 245 respondents. The philosophical underpinning of the study was pragmatism research philosophy. Testing for reliability used the Cronbach’s Alpha with a coefficient of 0.6 and above being considered acceptable. Validity of the research instruments was safeguarded through face construct and content validity. The study employed convergent mixed method design approach, which had open ended and closed ended questionnaires. Focus group discussion was also employed to gather qualitative data. Descriptive, correlation and multiple regression analysis used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and STATA. The results revealed that shared leadership and emotional intelligence had a positive correlation with church growth. Church members’ empowerment had the strongest significant relationship with church growth with a correlation co - efficient of 0.342, p 0.05. Regression analysis results revealed that shared leadership and emotional intelligence significantly affected church growth in Pentecostal churches in Kenya. Results further established that diversity and inclusion did not moderate the correlation between emotional intelligence and church growth. Ethical consideration was ensured by seeking permission from Pan Africa Christian University and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). The study added to the body of knowledge in church leadership practices in Kenya. The implication of the findings has been discussed and appropriate pastoral leadership practice recommendations made to inform the work of Church leaders and other Para Church workers.
Open Access
Effects of Authentic Leadership on Governance in Kenya: A Case Study of Five County Referral Hospitals
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Mutemi Eunice Nduku
Authentic leadership has garnered significant attention for its potential impact on organizational governance, particularly in hospitals. This study examined the effects of authentic leadership on governance in five county referral hospitals in Kenya during the post-devolution period, which faced implementation challenges that influenced leadership and governance outcomes. The devolution, driven by the 2010 Kenyan constitution, transferred certain services from the national to the county level. Despite the recognition of authentic leadership as an effective style, its impact on the governance of health institutions in Kenya has been inadequately explored. This research aimed to assess how authentic leadership affects governance, focusing on five referral hospitals across five counties. Specific objectives included evaluating the effects of self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency among County Health Management Teams and healthcare leaders. Additionally, the study investigated the moderating effect of leadership efficacy on hospital governance. The study was anchored on authentic leadership theory, ethical leadership theory, and governance theory, employing a pragmatism philosophy with a cross-sectional research design. The target population comprised 1926 County Health Management Teams and healthcare leaders from hospitals in Kiambu, Narok, Kwale, Makueni, and Kajiado counties. Using purposive sampling, a sample size of 396 was realized. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, yielding a 97% response rate. Validity and reliability were confirmed, with an overall reliability score of 0.960. Data analysis included demographic information, descriptive characteristics, and inferential statistics, presented in tables and figures with ethical considerations observed. Findings indicated that self-awareness (β = 0.313, ρ<0.05), balanced processing (β = 0.239, ρ<0.05), and relational transparency (β = 0.691, ρ<0.001) significantly impacted governance, while internalized moral perspective did not (β = 0.101, ρ>0.05). The moderating effect of leadership efficacy was supported (β = 0.169, ρ<0.001). The study concluded that leadership in County referral hospitals should embrace self-awareness, balanced processing, and relational transparency to enhance governance. Leadership efficacy is crucial for daily operations, and further research is needed to explore the application of internalized moral perspective. The study recommends policy development at the ministerial level to support authentic leadership practices and further research in other counties for comparative analysis.
Open Access
Effects Of Organizational Culture on Instructional Leadership and Student’s Academic Performance in Selected Public Secondary Scholls in Kirinyaga and Nyeri Counties, Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-14) Michael Mwangi Waraga
Instructional leadership is increasingly viewed as important for transforming schools into positive learning environments, enhancing the quality of instructional processes, and promoting a school culture where students can achieve their full potential. This study investigated the relationship between instructional leadership practices and student performance in public secondary schools in Kirinyaga and Nyeri Counties, Kenya. The specific objective of the study was to examine the effect of the school mission, curriculum management, and learning environment on student academic performance. Additionally, it examined how school organizational culture moderates the relationship between instructional leadership and students' academic performance. The pragmatic research philosophy guided the study. The target population for the study included principals, teachers, and students in forms three and four in public secondary schools in Kirinyaga and Nyeri Counties. A sample of 809 participants, comprising 37 principals, 374 teachers, and 398 students, was selected using a stratified random sampling procedure and Yamane's (1967) formula. The response rate for the study included 30 principals, 331 students, and 305 teachers. Qualitative data was obtained using interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. Quantitative data was obtained using close-ended questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that the performance of public secondary schools in the selected counties was below average and was affected by the existing instructional practices. Study results indicate that instructional practices used by school heads had a significant influence on student academic performance. Each independent variable, including school mission, curriculum management, and learning environment, was found to significantly influence academic performance (p<0.05). The study also found that student academic performance could be improved by ensuring adherence to the school mission statement, effective implementation of the curriculum, and creating a positive learning environment. Also, the school's organizational culture was found to moderate the relationship between instructional practices and student academic performance. The impact of the moderating variable was found to be significant, with p<0.05. The findings imply that instructional practices adopted by school principals are likely to have a more significant influence on student academic performance in institutions with healthy and supportive organizational cultures. The study recommends that school principals adopt practices that would create a positive learning environment and result in an organizational culture supporting learning.
Open Access
Effects of Strategic Leadership and External Environment on the Performance of Africa Inland Church Theological Training Institutions in Kenya
(PAC University, 2021-07-06) Munyao, Solomon Mbula
Performance is one of the biggest challenges facing organizations operating in the ever changing and complex 21st century business environment with strategic leadership playing a critical role in the achievement of organizational goals. The overarching objective of this study was to examine the effects of strategic leadership on the performance of AIC theological training institutions in Kenya with external environment as a moderating variable. The specific objectives were to determine the effects of strategic direction, organizational culture, organizational resource portfolio, strategic leadership and external environment on the performance of AIC theological training institutions in Kenya with the aim of creating new knowledge in this area of study. The study was anchored on strategic leadership theory. Experimental research design that adopted a mixed method approach was chosen. The target population was all the management members, employees and students in the 26 AIC theological training institutions in Kenya. A sample population of 219 management members, employees and third year students were selected from three AIC Bible Colleges using multistage purposeful two-state sampling technique. Open and closed ended questionnaires were administered to collect both quantitative and qualitative data which was then analysed using SPSS version 20. The results of the study indicated that organizational performance correlated with organizational culture, strategic leadership and organizational resource portfolio at (r=0.321, p<.001; r=0242, p<.001 and r=-0.145, p<.001). Its correlation with external environment was (r=-0.013, p<.001). The findings provide empirical strength to strategic leadership theory by supporting the assumption that strategic leadership increases an organization’s performance. Here, aspects related to managerial practice were rated low by respondents indicating the need for strategic leaders to make improvements in areas of physical and technological infrastructure in their organizations. Future studies could test the effects of the other aspects of strategic leadership on the performance of AIC theological training institutions in Kenya.
Open Access
Effects of Transformational leadership and church health on the participation a nd constructive engagement of the youth in urban churches
(PAC University, 2023-07-25) Muthuku, Mwongeli
Leadership is considered a fundamental contributor to the success of healthy and sustainable organizations. For a church, effective and transformative leadership is critical in ensuring that the quality, health, and overall growth of the spiritual and physical church is sustained. This research examined transformational leadership style in the church. It addressed ways of strengthening the health and quality of churches with a focus on the participation and constructive engagement of the youth in church affairs. The study examined whether transformational leadership is an effective leadership style, which when coupled with church health would make the youth to be attracted to the church and remain engaged as active members in the long-term. The study examined whether there was a relationship between transformational leadership and church health; it also established whether there was a relationship between transformational leadership and the active participation of the youth in the church. Lastly, the study investigated the mediating effect of church health on the relationship between transformational leadership and active participation of the youth in the church. Three theories underpinned the study namely; the transformational leadership theory, the church growth movement theory, and the positive youth development theory. Quantitative research guided the study, using simple random sampling to draw respondents from the youth of select churches in Nairobi City County. The target population for this study were the evangelical and protestant churches in Nairobi City County. From a sample size of 330, 268 people successfully responded to the questionnaires. Three rater questionnaire instruments namely; the Multi Factor Leadership Questionnaire, the Natural Church Development questionnaire, and the Tiffany-Eckenrode Program Participation Scale were used to collect data. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer software. Diagnostic tests, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to test the goodness of fit and hypotheses in order to establish existing relationships of the variables. The study established that there was a significant relationship between transformational leadership and church health (R2=.548, F (4) = 78.749,p=.000), as well as the participation and constructive engagement of the youth in the church (R2=.150, F (4) 11.492, p=.000). Further, the study results showed a partial mediating effect of church health on the relationship between transformational leadership and active participation of the youth in the church (R2=.184, F (1)29.955, p=.000). The study made several recommendations for policy and managerial practices. These include that the church governing bodies should ensure a conducive environment in their churches which promotes and cultivates a transformational leadership culture. Further, the senior management should be supported in the formulation and implementation of the vision and mission of the churches. Another key recommendation is for churches to develop inspirational programmes, including those geared at training and mentoring younger leaders in the church. This would help to maintain a transformative leadership culture, and thus ensure good church health and vibrant participation and engagement of the youth in the church.
Open Access
Efficacy of Transformational Leadership on Performance of Mandera County Government in Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-06) DAUD, YUSSUF MOHAMED
Mandera County has faced a plethora of challenges including its inability to marshal, develop, direct and control the human and financial resources leading to maladministration and poor service delivery, among others. Transformational leadership is the panacea for solving contemporary management and leadership challenges in sub-national levels. This study investigated the efficacy of transformational leadership and performance of Mandera County government in Kenya focusing on the 4Is of transformational. The objectives of the study were to: investigate the role of individualized considerations, determine the influence of inspirational motivation, establish the effects of idealized influence, assess the role of intellectual stimulation, and assess the moderating role of national government policies on the relationship between transformational leadership and performance of Mandera County government in Kenya. The study adopted modified Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) from Bass and Avolio (1995) which is heavily applied to measure the transformational leadership in private and public sector. The target population for the study comprised of the personnel elected and appointed and/or in the office of the Governor, Members of County Assembly and public service board employees of the county government who are concerned with the day – to – day running of the county affairs of the County Government of Mandera (N=696). Stratified simple random sampling technique was applied to select the sample size from the total population (n=247). The study used structured questionnaires as the primary tool for data collection. SPSS version 24 was applied to compute descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the test of hypothesis using simple linear regression indicate that individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and idealized influence do not have a statistically significant influence on the performance of Mandera County Government (p>.05). In contrast, intellectual stimulation had a statistically significant association with performance of Mandera County Government (p<.05), while government policies have a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between transformational leadership and performance of Mandera County Government (p<.05). However, the multiple linear regression analysis indicates that three of the 4Is of TL (individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation) excluding idealized influence were significantly associated with the performance of the County Government of Mandera. For effective transformational leadership, the study recommends that the success or failure of leadership depends on the compliance to the legal, fiscal, and policy framework, among other government policies.
Open Access
ELDERLY PEOPLES’ PERCEPTION OF THEIR PSYCHOSOCIAL WELLBEING: A CASE OF SELECTED MAINSTREAM CHURCHES IN AFFLUENT KAREN LANGATA NAIROBI, KENYA
(PAC University, 2023-07-25) GACHURI, ESTHER WANGARI
The study purposed to explore the lived experiences of the elderly which influence their psychosocial wellbeing from selected churches in Karen-Langata, Nairobi. To achieve this goal, the study had five objectives, namely: - to explore the elderly peoples’ perception on their psychological wellbeing, to examine the elderly peoples’ perception of their social wellbeing, to investigate the perception of the elderly with reference to their subjective wellbeing, to assess the elderly peoples’ perception regarding their psychosocial wellbeing and to propose alternative policies to ameliorate the psychosocial wellbeing of this elderly population. Bowen’s Systems Theory and Eric Erickson’s theory of Human Development guided the study, which was based on a qualitative descriptive phenomenological approach. Purposeful sampling method was used to select 11 respondents for the in-depth interviews and 12 respondents in the focus group discussions (FGD’s). The population of the study was the category of the young-old who were 60-75 years. Pan Africa University (PAC) and NACOSTI gave the researcher permission to conduct the study. Data was collected using videotape recordings and field notes. Verbatim data was transcribed, and descriptive themes were generated to show individual perspectives. The findings of the study indicated that poor health and lack of health insurance, lack of money, death of a spouse, inheritance wrangles, children moving out of home, unfriendly neighbourhoods, cultural beliefs, loss of social networks impacted on the elderly people’s psychosocial wellbeing. The study recommends the church, National and County governments develop policies that can ameliorate the psychosocial wellbeing of the elderly and that mental health practitioners be made accessible to the elderly to help them mitigate their psychosocial wellbeing.
Open Access
Empowering Public Institutions to Promote Good Governance for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of the National Parliament, Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-10) Yoka, Tengu
The National Parliament is the backbone of every nation and the foundation upon which good governance, a prerequisite for sustainable development, is built. It is only when the institution is strong, empowered, respected, and functional that it is going to work effectively. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a wealthy nation, with vast natural resources that include cobalt, copper, diamonds, gold, arable land, and forests, among others. Yet, the country is regarded among the poorest nations in the world. Bad leadership practices and poor governance in the DRC have resulted in low levels of development. The National Parliament has failed to effectively play its role. This case study sought to examine how the National Parliament can be empowered to promote good governance practices for the sustainable development of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The study had five objectives: (1) to identify relevant dimensions of institutional empowerment of parliament in the Democratic Republic of Congo; (2) to establish stakeholder views on the state of the elements of empowerment in the Democratic Republic of Congo; (3) to identify leadership practices considered to have affected institutional empowerment/governance of parliament in the Democratic Republic of Congo; (5) to establish stakeholder views on the level of development in the Democratic Republic of Congo; and (5) to make recommendations based on the findings of the study. Data was collected using 40 one-on-one in-depth interviews, four focus group discussions, and observations. The findings show a powerless, manipulated National Parliament, lacking respect and the autonomy to work independently. Recommendations are given to strengthen the institution to ensure it promotes good governance practices that are vital for sustainable development.
Open Access
Ethical Leadership and County Governance in Kenya: A Case Study Study of Uasin Gishu County
(Pan Africa Christian University, 2020-07) Kosgey, Henry Kiprono
Open Access
An Evaluation of Leadership development strategies of coaching and mentoring on succession planning within evangelical churches of Kenya
(PACU, 2023-07-25) Mang'eli Sammy Kent
Leadership development and succession planning within the Church movements has been an issue of critical interest to Christians, mainly because of the weight with which spiritual leadership is viewed by humanity. Despite this importance, the pattern of leadership development and succession planning observed globally in most evangelical churches, have been characterized as dynastic succession. This study sought to evaluate the leadership development strategies, with an emphasis on Coaching and Mentoring, and their effect on succession planning in Evangelical churches in Kenya. To examine the phenomenon under study, the study applied the skill-based theory of leadership as well as the continuity and discontinuity perspectives in succession planning theory to define and test the theories within the Evangelical Churches in Kenya. The study applied a descriptive research design which guided on the research questions, data collection methods, and analysis. This research appliedthe mixed methods approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. There are 40 registered mainstream Evangelical churches in Kenya with over 300 branches: this formed the target population of the study. Through multistage sampling approach, the study purposively captured, using homogeneity sampling, 10 duly registered operational churches from three of Kenya’s 4 city counties using set characteristics in line with the research questions, objectives and design. This sub strata of churches have a total of 198 branches with each branch led by a lead pastor. It is from this sub strata of churches that a sample of 20 branches from each of the churches was sampled for pre-test of the study in order to deliver desired reliability and validity of the instruments. This used a proportionate approach where the number of branches picked was directly proportional to that in each church. In line with purposive sampling, the study picked on 75% of the remaining 178 churches as the sample for the study with the number enhancing robust organizational decision making. From each of the purposively picked 135 branches with proportionate representativeness of each church, the lead pastor was picked as a respondent giving a sample size of 135. A questionnaire with both open and close-ended questions was used as the tool to collect primary data. Data analysis for qualitative data involved content analysis while quantitative analysis involved both descriptive statistics and inferential analysis using Social Science Statistical Packages STATA23. The qualitative findings were presented thematically with interpretive statements while the quantitative results were presented using tables, coefficients and narratives. The study confirmed that the leadership development strategy formulated by the evangelical churches’ management specifies the actions that must be taken to retain, develop or acquire the leaders for succession planning. This is shown by 73 (91.5%) of the respondents who answered in the affirmative. The study found out that there is a statistically significant linear relationship between leadership development and its predictors of; succession planning, coaching and mentoring {F(3, 37) =19.972}, significance level of .000, p<0.05. In addition, the study found out that the three predictors; succession planning, coaching and mentoring explain between 60.4% and 63.6% of the change in leadership development an empirical indicator of the significance of the three towards leadership development in evangelical churches today. Based on the findings, recommendations were made that the subjects of mentoring and coaching be integrated into various leadership development strategies for succession planning.
Open Access
Influence of Attachment Styles on Adolescents’ Psychosocial Development, Among Selected Secondary School Students from Blended Families in Kiambu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2022-05) GACHENIA, LUCY
Attachment styles adopted by parents are essential in development of adolescent psychosocial wellbeing. This phenomenon is more profound in blended families where there are multiple relationships that can lead to many challenges. However, with appropriate attachment styles adopted by step parents such challenges can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of attachment styles on adolescents’ psychosocial development, among secondary school students from blended families in Kiambu County, Kenya. The objective of the study was to establish attachment styles adopted by parents of adolescents in blended family households and evaluate how these attachment styles influence the establishment of adolescents’ self-esteem, identity and autonomy development. The study adopted Bowlby (1969) attachment theory, a mixed method approach, mixed method design and pragmatic philosophical paradigm. The sampling method adopted was multi-stage and inclusive /exclusive criteria. Firstly, the study adopted survey method as the sampling technique because the total population of adolescents that came from blended families was unknown. Thereafter, simple random sampling was used to select 9 schools and also determine the 5 classes to be sampled in each of these schools. The 5 classes had a population of 55 students each. A short questionnaire with demographic data of students was issued to 2475 students in a bid to elicit the adolescents from the said classes, that came from blended families in the 9 schools. A total of 208 adolescents from blended families in the 9 schools was elicited and this was considered a sufficient sample size. In addition, simple random sampling was used to sample 24 respondents that formed 4 focus groups. Purposive sampling was used to sample 4 counselors from 9 schools for in-depth interview and the 4 focus groups. Data was collected using questionnaires, counselors’ interview schedule and focus group discussions. Standardized tools; Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment Scale, Rosenberg Scale, Identity scale Inventory and Emotional Autonomy Scale were used as measuring tools. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, statistical assumption tests, correlation tests- T test, ANOVA and MANCOVA analysis while qualitative data was analyzed by use of narrative analysis. Findings were presented in form of graphs, pie charts and tables while interview data was presented in thematic form. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the National Council for Science and Technology and the Kiambu County Government. Ethical review authorization was sought from Daystar University Ethics Review Committee as well as a written informed consent from the school administration. Results indicated 2 categories of attachment styles adopted by step parents as; secure and insecure. In addition, these attachment styles influence the establishment of adolescent self- esteem, emotional autonomy and three identity styles namely information, commitment and diffuse avoidant but not normative identity style. The study results concluded that step parents should adopt secure attachment style which has characteristics of high communication and trust levels but minimal alienation, rather than insecure attachment that comprises of high levels of alienation, minimal communication and trust. The study findings could benefit government entities, Ministry of Education, counselors, parents, families and society
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE AND ETHNICITY ON MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG COUPLES IN INTERCULTURAL MARRIAGES IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA
(2023-07-25) CHOMBA, ZIPPORAH NDUTA
Marital Satisfaction is fundamental in sustaining a marriage. Conversely, couples in intercultural marriages experience unique challenges that influence their marital satisfaction (MS), for instance, language and ethnicity among many others. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of language and ethnicity on MS among couples in intercultural marriages in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was guided by four specific objectives. These were; to determine the level of MS, to find out the influence of language on couples’ MS, to find out the influence of ethnicity on couples’ MS and to determine the mitigating measures for the influence of language and ethnicity on MS among couples in intercultural marriages in Kiambu County, Kenya. The theories guiding the study were the Bowen Family System Theory and the Cognitive Behavioral Theory. The study used mixed methods research design. The target population of the study was 11,028 individuals in intercultural marriages with a sample size of 99 participants, who were statistically determined. Quota sampling and Snowball sampling procedures were used to collect data from 67 participants in Kikuyu urban and 32 respondents in Limuru urban. Data collection methods involved adapting some relevant items from The Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-32), The Five Love Languages Test (FLL) and Multiple Heritage Couple Questionnaire (MHCQ). Reviewing and comparing literature on similar studies was essential to improve validity of the instrument. Further, vigorous continued consultations with professional psychology supervisors augmented instrument validity. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was applied to determine the reliability of the instrument. The scale on MS had a Cronbach’s Alpha score of 0.828, language had 0.835 and ethnicity had 0.783, implying that the items met the threshold 0.7 internal consistency reliability. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics involving measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. Inferential statistics involved linear and multiple regression computed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The quantitative finding of the study showed that majority (76.8%) of the participants had high levels of MS. The regression model revealed that language had a direct positive contribution (adjusted r2 =0.69) on MS. The study established that language had a positive, significant influence on MS(β=0.872, p=0.000). Ethnicity had a direct positive contribution (adjusted r2 = .033) on MS. The study revealed that ethnicity had a positive significant influence on MS (β=0.402, p=0.040). Qualitative findings supported quantitative findings as majority (76.8%) of respondents were satisfied with their marriages. Respondents descriptions showed that language and ethnicity played a big role to influence MS. The study is valuable to researchers for further studies on related field. It is beneficial to professionals in mental health practice, churches and religious organizations involved in marriage and family dynamics, individual families and couples with relevant information for effective marital engagement. The study recommends policy makers to develop a strategy that increases awareness of the significance of mental health services. The study further recommends that mental health professionals conduct further research on the influence of varied cultural influences on marriages including language and ethnicity to enhance comprehensive information and understanding.
Open Access
Influence Of Leadership Styles and Capacity Development on The Performance of Agricultural Enterprises in Selected Counties in Kenya
(PAC University, 2024-08-15) Geoffrey Rogito Nyamoita
A performance evaluation of agricultural enterprises in Kenya was conducted to assess the influence of leadership styles and capacity development. The study adopted a pragmatism philosophy using an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach. The assessment of agricultural enterprises' performance encompassed financial and nonfinancial indicators. The research achieved its overarching aim by assessing the influence of four leadership styles and capacity development initiatives on the performance of agricultural enterprises in Kenya. The Systems, Path-Goal, Situational Leadership and Transformational Leadership Theories guided the study. The study evaluated the influence of Transformational, Transactional, Democratic and Autocratic leadership styles on the Performance of Agricultural Enterprises in Kenya. The moderating influence of Capacity Development on the relationship between Leadership Styles and the Performance of Agricultural Enterprises in Kenya was assessed. An explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was adopted using a cross-sectional survey design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were gathered using closed ended questionnaires, while qualitative data were gathered using interview and focus group discussion guides. For the quantitative study, a stratified random sample of 222 leaders and employees was selected from a population of 525 leaders and employees drawn from a census of 105 agricultural enterprises. Qualitative data drew a sample of 40 respondents. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics as provided in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 28.0.1. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the five null hypotheses were tested based on the pvalues of the standardised beta coefficient at a 95% confidence level. The study's findings indicate that agricultural enterprises in Kenya perform better under Transformational (β=0.481), Transactional (β=0.673), and Democratic (β=0.222) leadership styles but are adversely affected by Autocratic leadership (β=-0.217). The study revealed that the performance of agricultural enterprises in Kenya is significantly moderated by capacity development. Agricultural enterprises should adopt appropriate leadership styles to stimulate team innovativeness. The study recommends the implementation of capacity development initiatives by National and County governments, donors and capacitybuilding organisations to enhance the performance of agricultural enterprises in Kenya.