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Item Open Access An Assessment of the Theme of Grace and Law in the Antitheses in Matthew 5:21–48: Implications on the Disciple-making Process(PACU, 2020-12-15) Moenga, Micah OnserioA reading of the Antitheses in Matthew’s Gospel record (Matthew 5:21–48) leaves one to wonder whether the demands put upon Jesus’ disciples are practically possible. This study seeks to respond to the following research questions: What function does the theme of grace and law play in the disciple-making process? How does the theme of grace and law influence the life of a disciple? The study responds to the above questions by analyzing the theme of grace and law in Matthew 5:21–48. It argues that the Antitheses follow the scheme of grace and law which is an overall theme of the Sermon on the Mount. This is to say that the demands put on Jesus’ disciples are not dependent upon their human effort but the divine empowerment to do the demands of the law. The study utilizes a hermeneutical method of socio-rhetorical interpretation of Matthew 5:17–48 and shows the implications of the theme of grace and law on the disciple-making process. The study consists of three sections. The first is a general introduction to the theme of grace and law in Matthew, and particularly in Matthew 5:21–48. The second section analyzes Jesus’ interpretation of the OT law and its implications on disciple-making. Finally, the third section is a summary and conclusion of the theme of grace and law in the disciple-making process. It reveals that the disciple of Jesus, by entering into a cooperative journey with God in following Jesus, manifests the distinctive Christian lifestyle.Item Open Access Childhood theology and implications for pedagogy(Nathan Chiroma, 17-02-22) Chiroma, Nathan H.; Chiroma, Jane A.This article argues for a childhood theology informed by systematic theology, which enabled the researcher to mould the concepts of childhood theology to understand in order to use it. Child theology has been a neglected study in most African scholarship. Systematic theology guided the analysis of data as objectively as possible and contributed to the development of a childhood theology model that best accounts for all the data, showing that how childhood theology can be constructed in the African setting. The philosophy of Christian education aided the analysis of childhood theology and to assess the pedagogical relevance towards maximising a child’s potential in learning. Considerations of African theological perspectives, western perspectives and biblical evidence for childhood theology are explored to configure its significance to African childhood theology and the implications for pedagogical practices that are holistic, God-centred and transformative.Item Open Access Christian Assurance and Crippling Introspection(Testamentum Imperium, 2009) Chiroma, Nathan H.This paper discusses the idea of Christian assurance and crippling introspection. It is quite common for Christians to look back at their supposed time of salvation and because they did not have some dynamic emotional experience wonder whether they were genuinely saved. Furthermore, the various uncertainties in life often make believers to question the factuality of their assurance. It is true that abeliever does experience problems, tragedies, dejection, discouragement and sometimes even depression; and this makes him or her to wonder if he or she is still saved. This paper argues that Christian assurance is based on God’s character, on God’s promises, and on the completed work of Christ on the cross; hence and encouragement to the believer to forge ahead in the Christian race. The paper also highlights the need for perseverance in the midst of crippling introspection.Item Open Access The Christian Lifestyle for Christ’s Servants: An Exegesis of 1 Peter 2:11-17(PACU, 2021-05-20) Moenga, Micah OnserioThis article seeks to address the subject of living a distinctively Christian lifestyle for Christ’s servants. It responds to the following question: What does the Bible teach about the Christian lifestyle and its cost? Inevitably, a distinctively Christian lifestyle comes with a cost, that is, of suffering for the sake of Christ. For instance, the first epistle of the apostle Peter addresses the subject of the suffering of Christians as one of the distinctive aspects of a Christian lifestyle (1Peter 1:7). The apostle Peter, however, demonstrates that suffering for the sake of Christ is inevitable for Christ’s servants and is part of their calling (2:21). The words “suffering”, and “testing” occur frequently in the epistle. For instance, the apostle indicates that the sufferings of Christ were predicted by the Old Testament prophets (1:11) and that they were both redemptive and exemplary (2:21-24; 3:18). Redemptive, in that the resurrection and glory that ensued for Him (1:3, 21) spell secure salvation for His people (1:5); exemplary, in that Christians must share both the shame and glory of Christ (4:13). Hence, suffering for Christians is within God’s will (3:17; 4:19). This article is an exegetical analysis of 1 Peter 2:11-17 to extricate the Christian lifestyle expected by Christ’s servants. The article proposes the applicability of the message in the contemporary church context and the society at large. It argues that Christ’s servants are expected to lead a distinctive lifestyle as witnesses of Christ.Item Open Access Democracy, Citizenship and Civil Society(Langham Publisher, 2020-01-01) Chiroma, Jane AdhiamboItem Open Access Does religious giving matter? An assessment of the effects of giving in church on the believer`s faith in selected urban Pentecostal Churches in Nakuru town, Nakuru county, Kenya(International Journal of Humanities and Social sciences, 2015-03-01) Nyamosi, Doreen; Nderitu, Joyce W.The aim of the study was to assess the effects of giving in church on the Christians’ economic status in selected urban Pentecostal churches in Nakuru town, Nakuru County. The objectives of the study were; to determine whether giving in church is mandatory in Pentecostal churches in Nakuru Town, to establish if Christians should give according to their capacities in Pentecostal churches in Nakuru Town, to assess the amount of money given per month by Christians in Pentecostal Churches in Nakuru Town. The researcher focused on Ninian Smart’s dimensions of religion while putting emphasis on the practical and ritual dimension, the experiential and emotional dimension, the ethical and legal dimension. The practical and ritual dimension focused on what members of a religion did as part of that religion. The target population included church members and leaders of Pentecostal churches in Nakuru town. The study used simple random sampling and a total number of 311 respondents were sampled. The questionnaire was used as the only instruments of the study. The study found out that Christians should give according to one’s capacity as opposed to the stated amount given by some churches. The study asserted that the urban Pentecostal churches lay more emphasis on giving than on spiritual nourishment. The study recommended the following: Young couples should be advised properly on issues regarding the issue of marriage, this is because the divorce rate among the church members was high. Churches should come up with ways of encouraging giving in church other than search for blessings. There is need for churches to nurture the spiritual life of Christians as majority of the respondents felt that they had focused on material possession. A study should be carried out on the effect of church financial auditing and on Christian giving.Item Open Access The Effect of Church Members’ Empowerment on Church Growth among Pentecostal Churches in Kenya(The International Journal of Business & Management, 2021-05-01) Nzeng’e, Daniel Munyoki; Gathogo, Nguchie; Kamunyu, RuthDespite the known effect of employees’ empowerment in education and health, little is known regarding empowerment on church growth. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of church members’ empowerment on church growth among Pentecostal Churches in Kenya. Empirical literature in this study provided the basis for the study gap. The study was guided by pragmatism research philosophy, which is typically related with mixed method approach and, with the focus being on the significance of research and research questions as opposed to focusing on methodologies (Zukauskas et al., 2018). Theories guiding the study were Shared Leadership Theory (Conger & Pearce, 2003) and Mead’s Theory of Church Growth (1993). The descriptive survey design targeted 1235 pastors and 1210 church elders in Pentecostal churches in Machakos, Murang’a, Kajiado, Nakuru and Nairobi Counties under the umbrella of Evangelical Alliance of Kenya (EAK). The study employed simple random, purposive and stratified sampling techniques. The study was made of 245 respondents. The study employed convergent mixed method design approach, which had open ended and closed ended questionnaires. Focus group discussion was also employed to gather qualitative data. Descriptive, correlation and multiple regression analysis used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and STATA. The results revealed that Church members’ empowerment had significant relationship with church growth with a correlation co - efficient of 0.342, p< 0.05. Regression analysis results revealed that church members’ empowerment significantly affected church growth in Pentecostal churches in Kenya. The inference of the outcomes was discussed and proper pastoral leadership practice commendations made to apprise the work of Church leaders in Kenya.Item Open Access Effect of Internal Team Environment on Church Growth in Pentecostal Churches in Kenya(The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2021-06-01) Nzeng'e, Daniel Munyoki; Gathogo, Nguchie; Kamunyu, RuthThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of internal team environment on church growth in Pentecostal Churches in Kenya. Empirical literature in this study provided the basis for the study gap. The philosophy that guided the study was pragmatism research philosophy, that leans towards dealing or solving practical issues in the real environment rather than focusing on procedures (Zukauskas et al., 2018). This philosophyputs researchers at liberty to choose appropriate procedures, techniques and processes with the understanding that integration of different research methods is critical in gaining deeper understanding of any given issue (Zukauskas et al., 2018; Creswell, 2014; Saunders, et al. 2012). Two theories: Shared Leadership Theory (Conger & Pearce, 2003) and Mead’s Theory of Church Growth (1993) underpinned this study. The descriptive survey design targeted 1235 pastors and 1210 church elders in Pentecostal churches in, Kajiado, Machakos, Nakuru Murang’a and Nairobi Counties under the umbrella of Evangelical Alliance of Kenya (EAK). Simple random, purposive and stratified sampling techniques were used. The research was comprised of 245 respondents. It used convergent mixed method design approach with open ended and closed ended questionnaires. Focus group discussion was also engaged for the purpose of gathering qualitative data. Descriptive, correlation and multiple regression analysis used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and STATA. The results revealed that internal team environment had significant relationship with church growth with a correlation co - efficient of 0.235, p< 0.05. Regression analysis results revealed that internal team environment significantly affected church growth in Pentecostal churches in Kenya. The inference of the outcomes was discussed and proper pastoral leadership practice recommended to enhance the work of Church leaders in Kenya.Item Open Access Encyclopaedia of the bible and its reception(Walter de Gruyter, 2017-09-01) Rutere, JoshuaItem Open Access Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception(Walter de Gruyter, 2019-09-01) Rutere, JoshuaItem Open Access The Function of Prophetic Forthtelling in Roho Christianity(European Scientific Journal, 2017-12-01) Bariu, Richard MuturaThis paper examines the forms and function of prophecy in Roho (Spirit-led) Christianity in Africa. It seeks to situate this function within the rubric of biblical prophecy. It takes seriously their beliefs and theological reasoning that informs their practice. We look at forms of biblical prophecy that generally serve as their guiding principle, namely: foretelling and forthtelling. The literature available on Roho Christianity largely focuses on the historical, sociological, and anthropological aspects of this brand of Christianity. Majority of scholars have paid attention to their origins, rituals, and interaction with the larger society. While this is important, there is very little attention given to one of their principal characteristics--an active prophetic ministry. This paper seeks to satisfy the following seven objectives. Firstly, we look at the prophetic role of the church in African society. Secondly, we try to establish the nexus between prophecy and salvation in Roho Christianity. Thirdly, we look at the forthtelling character and function of Jewish prophecy. Fourthly, we look at prophecy as a community constitution in Roho churches. Fifthly, we assess how prophecy acts as group ritual for identity maintenance. Sixthly, we examine ways in which prophecy acts as symbolic Christian ethics. Finally, we explore how prophetic forthtelling enhances socioeconomic support among Roho churches. In order to achieve the foregoing, we look at concepts common to Roho Christianity in an attempt to draw conclusions about the concept and nature of prophecy in Roho churches and convictions connected with them.Item Open Access The Influence of Music in Theologizing in African Churches(One Planet Publishing & Media Services Ltd, 2018-07-06) Mbede, PeterThe African society has always used music to convey messages for various occasions. The message of the gospel should not be an exception. This research seeks to critically examine the role music plays in the communication of Christian theology focusing on the effects of musical theology, music as a medium of communication, dynamic interaction between artistic theology and other faiths and, benefits of music to theology. Because music has a greater audience than the other mediums of communication, it is a viable medium to effectively reach the masses with the Christian theology. Thus, provide a framework in which the authorship and practice of music can be based to ensure effective dissemination of Christian theology in rhythmic melodious manner.Item Open Access Influence Of Spiritual Control On The Performance Of Pentecostal Churches In Nairobi County, Kenya(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2023-10-06) Musau, Nicholas Muasa; Ouma, Caren; Msabah, Barnabe ُ AnzuruniThe issues of manipulation, control, and ‘forced giving’ in the Church context have raised a lot of concern and especially at a time when the moral authority of the Church has been questioned. Indeed, in the wake of the evangelical explosion, con preachers and fake miracle workers have infiltrated and polluted the good news of the gospel. This study aimed at investigating whether spiritual control did exist in the Pentecostal Church setting, and if so, then the effect it has on the performance of Pentecostal churches in Nairobi County, Kenya. The research used a mixed methods design, embracing a concurrent triangulation strategy, and assuming a pragmatic philosophical approach. The target population was the 12891 congregants in the Pentecostal congregations in Embakasi East Sub-County, Nairobi County. The sample size was 388 congregants and 32 church leaders. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides. It was analysed using inferential statistics (regression) and descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation) with the help of SPSS version 28.0.1.1. Data were presented using Tables, Graphs, and Charts. From the hypothesis testing, the results depicted a P value of 0.0110 (P < 0.05), and hence the null hypothesis that there is no statistically significant influence of spiritual control on the performance of Pentecostal churches in Nairobi was therefore rejected and the alternative hypothesis that there was a statistically significant influence of spiritual control on the performance of Pentecostal Churches in Nairobi, Kenya was accepted. The study recommends that church leaders should stick to the mandate of their calling i.e. to shepherd God’s children and forego the race to enrich themselves and expand church infrastructure using unorthodox means. It also recommends that leaders in Christian churches should consider enrolling for training especially those who have not attended theological colleges since leadership training moderates’ manipulation in leadership.Item Open Access Innovative christian strategies for confronting syncretic practices in selected methodist and pentecostal churches in Abogeta division, Meru county, Kenya(International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 2015-01-31) Mwiti, Salome Gathoni; Nderitu, Joyce W.; Wambugu, Simon NderituA study was carried out to establish the Christian strategies that confront syncretic practices in the church a case of selected mainline Methodist and Pentecostal churches. The objectives of the study were; to identify the forms of syncretism practices practiced by Christian churches in Kenya, to find out the reasons why Christians still practice syncretic practices in Kenya and to evaluate Christian strategies that confront syncretic practices in the churches in Kenya. The target population for this study was all the pastors and sampled members in Pentecostal and Methodist churches in Abogeta division. The study established that; the majority of the respondents was satisfied with the beliefs and practices of the church, of the respondents indicated that some of the church members did visit diviners. The study further established that some of the church members did believe in astrology and fortune-telling, some of the preachers did preach modified versions of the gospel and that some of the Church members were involved in traditional religious practices. The study established that some of the participants were not satisfied spiritually, and could have resulted to syncretic practices, for satisfaction, the preachers had disoriented the gospel to suit their needs, as was revealed by the majority of the participants, the gospel preached in the churches did not meet the spiritual needs of the church members and that the members of the church did not feel protected by their gospel. The study established that; the preachers did teach against syncretism using familiar accounts from the Bible, the church leaders did teach the supremacy of Jesus Christ, and the church leaders should teach and apply salvation by grace through faith, to confront syncretic practices. The study further concluded that spiritual dissatisfaction, preachers not meeting the spiritual needs of the members of the congregation, the Christians did not feel protected by the gospel and the insecurity that led to Christians resulting to witchdoctors. The study recommended that; the preachers should adhere to the actual content of the bible, and lead the Christians to the way of true Christianity, through spiritual nurturing and growth by the preachersItem Open Access Intergenerational Issues(Langham Publisher, 2020-01-01) Chiroma, Nathan H.Item Open Access An investigation of Challenges facing Christian universities in Kenya: A case study of Pan Africa Christian University, Nairobi, Kenya(International Journal Of Management sciences, 2014-02-02) Nderitu, Joyce W.; Minja, David; Muriithi, SamuelWith the upcoming private universities in Kenya confirms that there is fierce competition on funds, students, and right delivery of the higher education (Barnes in Kearney, 1994). The stiff competition is especially for students, and this competition can be won only on quality grounds (Abagi, Nzomo, &Otieno, 2005). The study was to identify the challenges facing Pan Africa Christian (PAC) University in gaining sustainable competitive advantage. It was also to establish sustainable strategies that the university was using to counter the challenges it is facing. The participants included university staff, faculty and students’ leaders. Based on the findings, it was concluded that challenges facing PAC University existed and they were expressed differently by various participants. Lack of funds was expressed as a major challenge at the University. Several recommendations were made to market and support the university with finances; University also needed to come up with ways of earning money by establishing more funding bases.Item Open Access Mentoring and the ministerial formation of seminary students(Stellenbosch Theological Journal, 2017) Chiroma, NathanIn this article I shall look at the role of mentoring and its relational nature in the ministerial formation of seminary students. Incorporating the relational nature of mentoring in ministerial formation it facilitates the integration of seminary students’ classroom experiences and their intellectual imaginations into practical ministerial skills in both the church and community. It is argued that embracing the relational nature of mentoring for ministerial formation in theological seminaries will help seminary students develop an awareness of the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for effective practical ministry. It will further help them develop an appreciation for their unique calling, gifting and skills. This article thus looks into how the relational nature of mentoring can foster the ministerial formation of seminary students.Item Open Access Mentoring as a supportive pedagogy in theological training(Theological Studies, 2015-03-31) Chiroma, Nathan H.; Cloete, AnitaItem Open Access Potential of Mentoring in Theological Seminaries(2017-10-23) Chiroma, Nathan H.The goal of theological education is to prepare students for their careers. It does not stop there, however; a further goal of theological education is to enable students to live lives of purpose—thus not only to transfer knowledge to students, but also to channel knowledge into meaningful Christian service. Making connections between faith, living and learning is thus a primary purpose of theological education. These necessary connections are made between faculty, staff and students by establishing and maintaining mentoring relationships. Hence, this article considers the prospects of mentoring in theological seminaries with the aim of challenging seminaries to revisit the use of mentoring in the preparation of students.Item Open Access A Response to the Biblical Question: “How many Times Shall I Forgive My Brother?” (Matthew 18:21– 22): Its Implications on Kenyan Communities.(PACU, 2008) Moenga, Micah OnserioOne of the questions that has become of a major concern among political and religious leaders is: How can we build strong community bonds? Shockingly, Kamaara notes, “While Christian values are expected to foster national cohesion and identity, more often than not Christianity has provided a convenient rallying point around which ethnic conflicts are mobilized.” It is true that national cohesion in Kenya remains a challenge five decades after independence. This is due to a number of factors such as political, economic and socio-cultural challenges. These factors have hampered efforts towards building one nation as was envisioned by the founding fathers. Hence, the theological question: How many times shall I forgive my brother? This question needs an investigation in order to address the problem of disintegration of the Kenyan community. The subject of forgiveness has attracted the attention of scholars in the recent years. Schaeffer-Duffy, for instance, writes “forgiveness began to attract attention of researchers in academia. Prior to 1985, the total number of forgiveness studies completed was five. Today there are approximately 55, and research continues, according to A Campaign for. Forgiveness Research, a non-profit organization directed by Worthington.”3 This was, then, three decades ago. I am sure studies on forgiveness have burgeoned. The world today is in dire need of forgiveness. This is because forgiveness, peace and reconciliation constitute the very essence of community existence and cohesion. While forgiveness, peace-making and reconciliation are fundamental for the wellbeing of any society, they still remain a challenge in many societies. This paper, therefore, assesses Kenya’s history since independence to ascertain some of its challenges to national cohesion. As a response to the identified challenges, the paper examines relevant biblical passages related to the subject of forgiveness. This is done within the biblical exegetical framework. Thus, the study is a historical, exegetical and theological one aimed at providing possible applicable solutions to the challenge of cohesion in the Kenyan context and Africa at large.