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    2022 Pacesetter Magazine
    (PAC University, 2022) PAC University
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    41st Graduation Ceremony: 2022 Graduation Bulletin
    (PAC University, 2022-07-08) PAC University
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    Adaptive Leadership and Performance of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County, Kenya
    (PAC University, 2024-08-14) Joseph Opanda Namutala
    The study investigated the effect of adaptive leadership on performance of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions (DTMFIs) in Nairobi County. In particular, the study set out to; determine the effect of situational challenges, adaptive leadership behavior, adaptive work, and emotional intelligence on the performance of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County. The main theory that anchored the study was Adaptive leadership theory which was supported by organizational learning theory, balanced score card (BSC) model, and emotional intelligence theory. The study adopted the postpositivist philosophy. The research design was descriptive and explanatory with a target population of 298 senior, middle-level, and lower-level managers drawn from 12 Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County. Primary data was collected using a semistructured questionnaire from 102 out of 169 respondents selected from the target population. Descriptive analysis was done using mean, frequency and standard deviation while inferential analysis was done using correlation and regression analysis. The findings indicated that adaptive leadership had a positive and significant effect on the performance of DTMFIs. Further, it was established that situational challenges, adaptive leadership behavior, adaptive work, and emotional intelligence had positive and significant effect on the performance of DTMFIs in Nairobi County. The study concluded that adaptive leadership had a positive and statistically significant effect on the performance of DTMFIs in Nairobi County. The study therefore recommends that senior, middle-level, and lowerlevel managers should focus on various elements of adaptive leadership for improved performance of DTMFIs in Nairobi County. Further investigation can be done on adaptive work and emotional intelligence in different contexts to find out the consistency of its effect on performance
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    Adolescents’ Attachment to God: A Case of the Anglican Church of Kenya in Roysambu Constituency, Nairobi, Kenya
    (Pan Africa Christian University, 2017-10) Thiga, William Solomon Kiige
    Based on attachment theory, the study sought to find how early parental child attachments influenced an adolescent attachment with God. The purpose of the study was to examine if there are any relationships between early parental child attachment styles, parental availability, parental emotional bond and parental proximity to a child and adolescent attachment to God. Participants for the study were drawn from the St. Peters’ Anglican church of Kenya (ACK) in Roysambu constituency, in Nairobi County and targeted the adolescent population in the Church. A sample size of 40 adolescents was targeted of which 37 responded. Using likert scales questionnaires, data was collected purposively and analysed quantitatively using Ms excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between parental child attachment and adolescents’ attachment to God. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the difference between adolescents’ attachment to God among the different parental gender proximity, parental emotional bond, and demonstration of attachment style by parents. Additionally, using the Attachment to God Inventory (AGI), the relationship between parent child attachment and attachment to God was explored among adolescents of St. Peter’s Anglican church, Roysambu in Nairobi. In addition, parental spirituality, attachment bonds and attachment styles emphasis were also investigated. Comparisons of the AGI with parent child attachment measures supported a correspondence between parental child attachment and adolescent attachment to God. The research findings underscore the importance of parental attachment bonds with positive influence to adolescent’s attachment to God. The research findings demonstrate the importance of parents as being attachment figures to their children as they help create images about God. The findings also demonstrate how parental attachment style, proximity, availability and emotional connectedness with their children influence their relationship with God.
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    Adult Attachment Styles and Marital Conflict Resolution Styles among Couples in Nairobi,Kenya
    (PAC University, 2022-05) Mburu, Lucy Wambui
    Human beings have been shown to have styles that they employ in handling certain aspects of their relational lives. Specific categories of styles sometimes relate with each other under certain circumstances, affecting outcomes in relationships. There is a gap in research that this study sought to fill in showing how Adult Attachment Styles (AAS) and also certain demographic characteristics relate with the Marital Conflict Resolution Styles (MCRS)employed by couples in Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to find out the AAS of married individuals in Nairobi County, to investigate the marital conflict resolution styles employed by couples in Nairobi County, to establish how certain demographics influence the marital conflict resolution styles of couples, and to examine how the AAS relate with MCRS among couples in Nairobi County. This study was informed bythe attachment theory and Gottman’s marital conflict styles theory. The study adopted the correlation research design. Six CITAM assemblies that are located in Nairobi County were purposively selected for participation. The individuals that took part were selected using simple random and snowballing sampling methods. The quantitative data for finding out theAAS and marital conflict resolution styles was collected using the standardized questionnaires. Six semi-structured interviews were additionally conducted with pastors in charge of Family Care and Enrichment from the participating assemblies. Pearson correlation coefficient factor was used to determine the relationship between causes of conflicts, demographics and AAS, with marital conflict resolution styles. All tests of significance were computed at a significant level of 5% with the help of SPSS. The descriptive statistics used were percentages, mean and k-means non-hierarchical cluster analysis. The inferential statistics used were Chi-square test and ANOVA. The key findings of this study showed a significant association between AAS and marital conflict resolution styles. In addition, age, marital longevity, level of education, level of income, and the cause of a marital conflict had a significant influence on the marital conflict resolution styles of the respondents. Gender and occupation of participants showed no statistically significant influence on any of the marital conflict resolution styles in the study. These findings demonstrate that AAS and certain demographics have an influence on the marital conflict resolution styles that couples employ. Facilitators of premarital counseling classes, marriage therapists as well as pastors need to be aware of these influences while helping couples to handle conflicts constructively.
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    Advocacy Communication and The Child Trafficking Situation in Kenya: The Case of Mathare Constituency Primary Schools
    (International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2020) Kinuthia, Cyndi; Mbogoh, B; Komen, L
    Child trafficking is one of the leading crimes in Kenya. The purpose of this study therefore was to look at the efficacy of advocacy communication when it comes to addressing the complications of child trafficking in society. The study focus was Mathare constituency in Nairobi County. This is because there are many child trafficking cases from Mathare constituency that have been reported over the years causing a number of humanitarian organizations, who work with schools and community groups, to step in and address the issue. A purposive sample of 240 teacher respondents and 16 facilitators was selected as per Yamane’s formula while convergent parallel mixed methods design was used for data collection and analysis. The study established that videos and pictorials were the most popular advocacy methods used, with a 100 percent respondent rate while 98 percent observed that through advocacy humanitarian organizations were making a difference in countering child trafficking. The study established also that all (100%) of the facilitators agreed that the stakeholders directly involved with children did contribute to the fight against child trafficking. The study concluded that integrated communication was adopted by facilitators and that the advocacy communication methods used were effective. The study recommends involvement of key stakeholders’ right from the planning stage for effectiveness. A recommendation of the study is that further investigations be done from the viewpoints of the children, parents and the local administration.
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    Affective Commitment: A Comparative Study across Variant Units and Ranks of the National Police Service, Kenya
    (International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2020-05) Mbugua, Charles
    Many researches on organizational leadership of security services lack attention on organizational commitment, and by extension on its key dimension: affective commitment. Similarly studies on the National Police Service of Kenya have majorly focused on corruption, ignoring the critical place of affective commitment: the construct which reflectsthe extent to which employees are emotionally attached to the organization. This study was then carried out to identify the perception levels of affective commitment across the units and ranks of National Police Service, Kenya. Analysis revealed an overall low level of affective commitment (mean= 2.806) with the middle rank range of sergeant to senior sergeant having the highest level (mean= 2.843). From the findings,the service then needs to adopt an organizational leadership practice that focuses on enhancing affective commitment across its units and ranks, if officers are to offer quality service in line with the envisaged vision.
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    African Democratic Education Revisited
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Chiroma, Jane Adhiambo
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    African Healing Shrines, Contextualized therapies and Specializations
    (Regnum Publishers, 2021-01-21) Chiroma, Nathan H.
    Throughout history, the quest for healing and wholeness outside conventional medicine has been a practice embraced by many. Medical pilgrimages outside of conventional hospitals were common practice in various eras in history. People travelled far and wide in the quest for healing in what is described as holy places such as shrines, prayer houses, monasteries and other locations. In Africa, the practice is not only gaining attention, but it is gaining more popularity, as a momentous social, spiritual and psychological issue. The existence of healing shrines and prayer houses are increasingly becoming popular, and many emerging themes and trends are adding new dimensions to the quest for healing and wholeness. One of the major emerging phenomena is that of specialisation. It is argued that specialisations are rooted either in heritage or calling as in the case of prayer houses. Specialisations are proving to be an important element in the healing sites. Specialisation in this context refers to the concentration on the healing of one or two ailments in a particular healing site. The focus of this chapter is to consider the dynamics of specialisation, especially as it occurs in healing shrines and prayer houses. Whereas healing shrines and prayer houses have been extensively studied in Africa, the aspect of specialisation has not received much attention among scholars. Specialisation as used in this chapter focuses only on one or two illnesses in a given healing shrine or prayer house.
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    African Hermeneutics
    (ACTS, 2019-01-01) Mburu, Elizabeth
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    Agricultural Biotechnology in Sub-Saharan Africa
    (Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2022) Kiambi, Dionysious; Midega, Charles; Ochieng, Joel W.; ; Rege, John Edward Otieno; Sones, Keith
    Agriculture supports the livelihoods of most households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and makes significant contribution to national economies, especially in countries that are not dependent on mineral wealth. The region is home to more than 950 million people and is projected to reach 2.1 billion by 2050. Although agriculture accounts for about 23% of the region’s total gross domestic product, the full potential of the agriculture sector in SSA is yet to be exploited. Food insecurity on the continent has been increasing since 2014: in 2019, 250 million people in SSA were undernourished, and the coronavirus pandemic has likely pushed tens of millions more into food insecurity. Climate change will exacerbate existing threats to food security and agriculture-based livelihoods. Africa’s 33 million smallholder farmers depend on rainfed agriculture and are especially vulnerable to impacts of climate change. Unlike other regions of the world, where yields have increased substantially over recent decades, yields have stagnated in SSA. The African Union’s target of 6% annual agricultural productivity growth will require substantial policy support and investment in agricultural technologies, including biotechnology. With the exception of South Africa, most SSA countries continue to question whether agricultural biotechnology is a good investment.
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    Agricultural Biotechnology in Sub-Saharan Africa Capacity, Enabling Environment and Applications in Crops, Livestock, Forestry and Aquaculture
    (Springer, 2022) Rege, John Edward Otieno and Sones, Keith
    Sub-Saharan African countries were categorized with regard to their capacity for agricultural biotechnology research and application, including human capacities, institutions and facilities, operational budgets and existence of facilitating networks. For the crop and livestock sectors combined, no countries were categorized as having ‘very high’ capacity; only South Africa was categorized as ‘high’; and three countries, Ethiopia, Kenya and Nigeria, were categorized as ‘medium’. All other SSA countries were categorized as having ‘low’ or ‘very low’ capacity. Capacity was generally higher for crops than for livestock. For the crop sector, South Africa was categorized as ‘very high’; Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe as ‘high’; and Botswana, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, DRC, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, Eswatini and Zambia as ‘medium’ capacity. For livestock, South Africa was ‘high’ and Kenya and Nigeria ‘medium’. Strong links to international partners, such as hosting a CGIAR centre, tended to be associated with higher capacity.
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    All Things Work Together for Good for Those Who Love God.” A Grammatical-Historical Analysis of Romans 8:28
    (PAC University, 2024-08-14) MAIANGUWA LIMAN MALAM YAYA
    This research focuses on the interpretation based on an exegetical analysis of the text to discover the text's original intended meaning by the author. The analysis of the text is to discover the original intended meaning by the author for the first readers. To verify the concept of the original meaning intended, the research considers the literary context of Romans 8:28 for its correct interpretation. “All things work together for good for those who love God” in Romans 8:28, this statement is a major concern to be considered. The grammatical-historical approach (GHA) is the model used in this research. The complex nature of words in the syntax grammatical-historical approach causes difficulty in the interpretation of a biblical text because of the distance of time and space. The most important aspect of interpretation is the original intended meaning of a text. However, the practitioners are often concerned with what suits their church tradition and philosophies, not the text’s original intended meaning. For example, when a nominal Christian is sick because of drunkenness infections, or immoral sexual diseases, pastors use Romans 8:28 to comfort the church members during terrible times. When a believer is not qualified for an appointment, he or she misses the opportunity to be appointed, and this verse is applied. Another aspect is that the verse is often used wrongly when the exegetes want to achieve his goal or her goal; he or she applies it to irrelevant situations The analysis of these two clauses “we know to them that who love God” (Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγαπῶσι τὸν θεὸν and “all things work together for good” (πάντα συνεργεῖ εἰς ἀγαθόν), the researcher desires to interpret their concept of original meaning intended. The interpretation is in light of the text 8:28 and the literary context of Romans 8:18-36. In order to avoid fallacies or inerrancy interpretation and application of the text (scriptures) on the church in our current generation and even in the generation to come is a matter of concern in this thesis. The search finding affirmed that Rom 8:28 was an encouragement and strengthening to the suffering believers to persevere. Also, the true believers' suffering brings glory to God and blessings to the church of God as predestined by God
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    Amb. Simon Nabukwesi, CBS-41st Graduation Ceremony Speech
    (PAC University, 2022-07-08) PAC University
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    An Empirical Analysis of the Moderating Effect of Organizational Context on the Relationship between Leadership Process and Effectiveness of Freight Forwarding Firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya
    (Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing Journal of Human Resource & Leadership, 2024-04) Ndonye, Davies Mutuku; Wandiga, Dr. Eunice Ngina; Odiyo, Dr. Wilson J. O.
    Highly competitive and fast shifting market conditions require business enterprises to possess superior organizational capabilities for success. Previous studies have identified persistent challenges including leadership processes and complex work environments as constraints to organizational success. The freight forwarding sector in Kenya grapples with challenges related to high operational costs, poor co-ordination, and rapid developments in information technology and related insecurity. Literature on organizational leadership has neither addressed nor empirically tested the dimensions of gauging effectiveness of freight forwarding firms. Specifically, there is lack of empirical investigation linking organizational context with leadership process and effectiveness of freight forwarding firms. This study sought to investigate the moderating effect of organizational context on the relationship between leadership process (tactical, strategic, and situational influence) and effectiveness of freight forwarding firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Through a mixed methods approach, the study adopted explanatory sequential design anchored on the Balanced Score Card model, Institutional Theory and Structuralism Theory. Target population was 400 freight forwarding firms practicing in Nairobi City County, from which 276 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling. Quantitative data was collected through questionnaires with a response rate of 84% while qualitative data was collected from 10 key informants through in-depth interviews. Descriptive statistics used were frequencies, means and standard deviation, while regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. Qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. Results established that organizational context has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between leadership process and firm effectiveness. With leadership process viewed through input > processing > output logic, the external environment provides streams of opportunities in terms of inputs, which firms can harness to create competitive advantage and effectiveness. Findings demonstrated the link between leadership process, organizational context, and effectiveness. Management should entrench effective leadership process through active deployment of appropriate influence strategies to generate key capabilities and conducive work contexts. Government policies should promote collaborative approaches among supply chain partners. The study recommends future research to expand the conceptual, methodological, and contextual scope for more representative conclusions.
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    An Evaluation of Youth Ministry in the Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Nigeria: A Case for Professionalism
    (PAC University, 2024-08-14) Yusuf Obed Lewi
    This study indicates that youth ministry in ECWA is not regarded as a distinct field that needs trained and qualified workers. The study explored the following questions: (1) what is the nature and structure of youth ministry in ECWA Nigeria? (2) What is the perception of youth ministry in ECWA Nigeria? (3) How can the professionalisation of the youth ministry enhance its perception and practice in ECWA Nigeria? To answer these questions, the study adopted Richard Osmer's (2008) practical theology framework and employed qualitative research methods to investigate the experiences of youth pastors in ECWA through in-depth, semistructured individual interviews. Following the literature reviewed and the data gathered from the ECWA youth pastors interviewed, the study revealed that professionalisation is essential in improving the perception and practice of youth ministry in ECWA. In that regard, three implications were discussed: first, ECWA needs to establish standards, minimum qualifications, and requirements for individuals who want to work as youth pastors to bridge the gap between the youth ministry perception and practice; second, to improve the perception of youth ministry, ECWA should make it mandatory for people who want to serve in youth ministry to undergo formal theological training that equips them with the necessary skills and knowledge; thirdly, to counter the negative perceptions surrounding youth ministry, ECWA should focus on raising awareness, education, and support for the significance of youth ministry through organised campaigns and communications. The study also offered seven recommendations with practical steps and strategic directions to translate the findings into action.
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    AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON MICRO AND SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISE CHARACTERISTICS WHICH INFLUENCE ACCESS TO BUSINESS LOANS
    (Review of Business and Technology Research, 2019) Banu, Fazeela; Bore, Magdalene
    The development of any economy requires financial services especially credit services. Saving facilities are also key in the generation of a start capital for small business. Many financial institutions have tried to bring the money lending business and services closer to the customers but the rate of taking loans among the micro and small enterprises owners has not been as per the expectation with many business owners preferring the informal money lending institutions than the convectional banks or microfinance institutions. The study explored the Micro and Small business Characteristics which influenced the access to loans by the enterprise owners form money lending institutions. The study was guided by the following study objective; - To determine the Micro and Small enterprise characteristics which influence business loans access in a case study of Gikomba Market. The study was carried out in Nairobi biggest open market Gikomba. The study used descriptive research design and a sample size of 370 business owners since the market has over 10,000 business owners. The target population was divided into strata of wholesalers, retailers, service delivery and restaurants. The sampled respondents were selected randomly from each strata giving all the participants equal opportunity of participation. Data collection was done through questionnaire and interview guides. The gathered data was analyzed and presented in pie charts and frequency distribution tables and conclusion and recommendations were made based on the analyzed data.
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    Analysis of the Spoken English Used by Teachers in Kenyan Primary School Classrooms: Phonological and Grammatical Variations
    (Science and Education Publishing, 2017) Njoroge, Martin C.
    The research reported in this paper identifies and describes phonological and grammatical variations in the English spoken by teachers at Kenyan primary school level, correlates the variations observed with the teachers’ amount of education completed in the English language and discusses pedagogical implications of the emergent patterns. First, the results indicate that the teacher’s spoken English varies from the British standard variety - the model of correctness at all the education tiers in Kenya - and second, that the amount of education a speaker has completed in the English language significantly influences language variability. The findings imply that if more primary school teachers were to receive further exposure to English grammar and phonology through the continuing education programs available in Kenyan universities, their spoken English would then vary less from the standard English and international mutual intelligibility would be improved.